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2015考研英语真题：
Section I Use of English
Directions: Read the following the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man’s parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying 6 a good family.
The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8 prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride’s and groom’s wrists, and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the 11 .Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife’s parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a new house nearby.
Divorce is legal and easy to 14 , but not common. Divorced persons are 15 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up: The divorced male doesn’t have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait ten months.
1.[A]by way of [B]on behalf of [C]as well as [D]with regard to
2. [A]adapt to [B]provide for [C]compete with [D]decide on
3. [A]close [B]renew [C]arrange [D]postpone
4. [A]Above all [B]In theory [C]In time [D]For example
5. [A]Although [B]Lest [C]After [D]Unless
6. [A]into [B]within [C]from [D]through
7. [A]since [B]but [C]or [D]so
8. [A]copy [B]test [C]recite [D]create
9. [A]folding [B]piling [C]wrapping [D]tying
10. [A]passing [B]lighting [C]hiding [D]serving
11. [A]meeting [B]collection [C]association [D]union
12. [A]grow [B]part [C]deal [D]live
13. [A]whereas [B]until [C]if [D]for
14. [A]obtain [B]follow [C]challenge [D]avoid
15. [A]isolated [B]persuaded [C]viewed [D]exposed
16. [A]whatever [B]however [C]whenever [D]wherever
17. [A]changed [B]brought [C]shaped [D]pushed
18. [A]withdrawn [B]invested [C]donated [D]divided
19. [A]breaks [B]warms [C]shows [D]clears
20. [A]so that [B]while [C]once [D]in that
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)
Text 1
France,which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways.
The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.
Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death—as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.
The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.
The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep—and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.
The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.
In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states: “We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people.” The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week, which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and-shame method of compliance.
Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.
to the first paragraph, what would happen in France?
[A] Physical beauty would be redefined.
[B] New runways would be constructed.
[C] Websites about dieting would thrive.
[D] The fashion industry would decline.
phrase “impinging on” (Line 2,Para 2) is closest in meaning to
[A] heightening the value of.
[B] indicating the state of.
[C] losing faith in.
[D] doing harm to.
of the following is true of the fashion industry?
[A] The French measures have already failed.
[B] New standards are being set in Denmark.
[C] Model are no longer under peer pressure.
[D] Its inherent problems are getting worse.
24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for
[A] setting a high age threshold for models.
[B] caring too much about models’ character.
[C] showing little concern for health factors.
[D] pursuing perfect physical conditions.
of the following may be the best title of the text?
[A] The Great Threats to the Fashion Industry.
[B] Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty.
[C] A Dilemma for the Starving Models in France.
[D] A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals.
Directions:
Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should
1. describe the photos briefly,
2. interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them,
3. give your point of view.
You should write 160~200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)
The photos show two big fans of Beckham—a British football star. One writes the star’s name on his face and the other is having his hair made an expensive Beckham style.
From them, we can vividly sense the enthusiasm of hero worship, which is an ordinary phenomenon in modern society. As a matter of fact, with mass media and multi’ culture fast developing, hero worship covers an increasingly large scope. People from all walks of life, usually if they are successful, outstanding or popular, may be admired by others.
Hero worship is not absolutely right or wrong. It depends on what the worshipper does for his idol. If handled appropriately, hero worship may stimulate the positive aspects in us, such as passion for life, motivation for work and noble values. Learning from our idols we can gain enlightenment, encouragement and qualities that we need when we strive for a career. By loving them, we can add color to our life and explore a larger range of social experiences.
Write an essay based on the following chart. you should
1) interpret the chart and
2) give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points).
参考例文：
As is clearly reflected in the above pie chart, the proportion of money spent on various affairs demonstrates obvious differences during the Spring Festival in one city of China. According to the data given, the money spent on buying gifts for others takes a lion’s share, accounting for 40%. While transportation takes away 20% of the whole proportion.
What triggers this phenomenon? It is not difficult to put forward several factors responsible for this phenomenon. To start with, with the ever-growing eagerness to keep up with others, oceans of folks intended to offer thicker and thicker red envelope to kids as gift money, which leads to the high proportion of our expenditure. What’s more, due to the great urbanization, most Chinese residents move from their hometowns to work in big cities. In order to cover the long distance and enjoy the happy together with family members, a large amount of money is spent on transportation.
In view of the arguments above, we can conclude that the current phenomenon is of no surprise. And therefore, it can be predicted that buying gifts and transportation will still take up a large share in our expenditure during the Spring Festival.
文章第一段描写图表，可以指出我国某市居民春节假期花销比例组成，由于字数的原因，也可以具体描述两种，不过，要记住第一段是第二段的基础;第二段进行分析原因，生活的改进肯定是一大原因，再找具体所占比列的原因。还可以写第三段，不过不建议太模板的具体，一定要跟本题进行具体的结合!
今年英语二的作文出题可谓是另辟蹊径!小作文如此，大作文亦是一样!从设立英语二的试卷以来，连续五年的大作文都考到的是图表，而图表都是柱状图!而今年考查的图表是饼形图!相信不仅是众多的考研同学们，就是不少老师都是始料未及的!
Suppose your university is going to host a summer camp for high school students. Write a notice to
1) briefly introduce the camp activities, and
2) call for volunteers.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
Do not use your name or the name of your university.
Do not write your address. (10 points)
题目译文
假设你们大学将要为高中生举办一场夏令营。写一篇告示
1) 简要介绍夏令营的活动，并且
2) 招募志愿者。
你应该在答题卡上写大约100词。
不要签你的名字或写你大学的名称。
不要写地址。(10分)
很多同学阅读过无数篇考研经验帖子，有些学姐学长告诉你考研英语作文套用模板就可以。但是大家在使用写作模板这个问题上是存在很大的误区的，经常出现这样那样的问题。
易犯错误一：模板中的句型套用不正确，不完整。
比如：我们在书信结尾的时候会说I am looking forward to hearing from you. 而学生却把这句话写成了I am looked forward to hear from you. 这种现象非常普遍，可见，学生的写作态度并不是很端正，很认真。
易犯错误二：模板中的句型和实际写作内容不匹配。
比如：有的图画作文第二段要求根据图画所表达的含义进行深层次的论证，而学生套用的句型却是第二段写对比的句型，显然是没有正确理解句型使用的语言背景。再比如：小作文的摘要，是要根据汉语文章归纳出中心内容进行英语写作，这个一般都是客观的描述，而学生却用了一个写图画作文的模板，通篇都是我认为，这如何又能得高分呢?
易犯错误三：模板套用千篇 一律，没有新意。
再好的模板，如果所有的学生都是用也就变成了一张白纸，没有任何亮点。而这个错误也正是急功近利的学生容易犯的。
那么，英语作文模板到底可不可以用?
可以用。模板给我们预先规定好写作的框架，可以帮助我们很快构思出每一段大致写什么内容。再者，通过背诵模板，可以有效弥补我们的词汇和句式多样性的匮乏，从遣词造句上迅速提升作文的水准。但是要注意方法，只靠通用的模板本身是很难在阅卷老师那里蒙混过关的，尤其是近年考研阅卷已经十分重视反模板化。模板用的好会给你的作文锦上添花，用的不好反而会暴露你真实的蹩脚英语水平。我们要通过自己的练习，对模板不断完善升级，从而打造属于自己的个性化模板。
怎么打造属于自己的个性化模板呢?大家可以通过下面三步来做：
第一步：要做到对自己所用模板的每个词每句话意思清楚，以及空缺的部分应该填补词还是句子。
第二步：利用模板仿写真题和模拟题，反复实践。在实践中反复熟悉模板的内容以做到灵活的使用。在这个过程中，你写作的不足和障碍也会有效暴露出来，记得要及时的补救。而且大家可以根据你手上的模板中一些强烈模板句的开头或者连接句进行自己的改造，同时在可以尝试把多个模板糅合成一个你自己独创的新的模板。
第三歩：在此基础之上，同学们还需要积累一些必要的写作素材，拓宽写作思路，这样才能真正做到在考场上得心应手，言之有物。比如，大家可以在阅读中学习写作，遇到使用范围较广的句子就可以记录下来，像环保类，法律类，道德品质类等，一般适用性都比较强。当然，随着写作能力的上升也可以不再拘泥于模板。
Dear friends，
I am writing to tell you about a fantastic book I have just read, as we always share the same taste of books.
The book is called Journey to the West, which tells us a story that four monks conquered multiple handicaps to achieve their final destination. Besides the touching and thrilling plot, the book also features humorous languages, thanks to the talented author.
So I recommend it to all of you as one of the favorite books that I have ever read. I am sure you will love it as much as I do. I am looking forward to discussing more with you after you read it.
Yours sincerely,
o Li Ming
In some countries, teenager have jobs while they are still students. Do you think this is a good idea? Support your opinion by using specific reasons and details.
I dont think it is a good ideas for teenagers to have jobs while they are still students. It can interfere with their studies, It can disrupt their home life, and it takes away part of their childhood that their can never replace.
Education today is very complex and difficult .In order to learn and get good grades, a student must work very hard and concentrate, This means attending classes from early in the morning until late afternoon, then doing research for projects, then going home and doing homework.
It’s a busy schedule for everyone. For someone trying to hold down a job, it’s even harder. Students need all their energy for their studies. If theyre working after class at night, they’re going to be tired the next day. They wont be able to concentrate. This will have a negative impact on their learning, and eventually on their grades.
Having a job can also disrupt a teenagers home life. Families spend less and less time together. If a teenager has a job to go to after school, he wont be home for dinner.
He wont be home after dinner either, and may not get home until late at night, This means he doesnt have a lot of time to spend with his family .If he doesnt have a car, it can mean changes in his parents schedule ,too. They have to drive him to work and pick him up.
The main drawback of a teenager having a job while hes still a student is that hes missing out on the fun of being young. He has a whole lifetime in which hell have to earn a living. This is the last free time hell have, It’s the last chance hell have to hang out with friends and just enjoy himself. Soon enough hell have to worry about paying the rent and buying food.
Jobs bring money, but money isnt everything. A teenager with a job gives us too much. No one should spend all his time at working, and especially not a teenager.
在一些国家，青少年在还是学生的时候就有了工作。你认为这是个好主意吗？用具体的理由和细节来支持你的观点。
我不认为青少年在学生时代就有工作是个好主意。它会干扰他们的学习，扰乱他们的家庭生活，夺走他们无法取代的童年时光。
今天的教育非常复杂和困难。为了学习和取得好成绩，学生必须非常努力和集中注意力，这意味着从早上上课到下午晚些时候，然后做项目研究，然后回家做家庭作业。
这对每个人来说都是繁忙的日程安排。对于一个试图保住工作的人来说，这就更难了。学生们需要所有的精力来学习。如果他们晚上下课后工作，第二天就会累。他们将无法集中注意力。这将对他们的学习产生负面影响，并最终影响他们的成绩。
有工作也会扰乱青少年的家庭生活。家庭在一起的时间越来越少。如果一个十几岁的孩子放学后有工作要做，他就不会回家吃饭了。
晚饭后他也不会回家，可能要到深夜才能回家，这意味着他没有太多时间和家人在一起。如果他没有车，这也可能意味着他父母的日程安排发生了变化。他们必须开车送他去上班，然后接他。
青少年在学生时代就有工作的主要缺点是错过了年轻时的`乐趣。他一辈子都要谋生。这是他最后的空闲时间，这是他和朋友们一起玩的最后机会。很快他就得为付房租和买食物而发愁了。
工作带来金钱，但金钱并不是一切。一个有工作的青少年给了我们太多。任何人都不应该把所有的时间都花在工作上，尤其是青少年。
In the modern era of rapid development of science and technology, environmental pollution has been ignored by people. With people indiscriminately logging and increasing factories, the fresh air of the past has disappeared, and the ozone layer has also been severely damaged. What do the signs of this species indicate? It tells us that the once vibrant hometown has become a memory under human destruction. The clear creek has turned into a foul smelling ditch, the blue sky has been stained with black smoke into a smoky yellow, and the flying plastic bags have driven away the birds. The rumbling sound of machines has replaced the singing of birds.
In the past, no matter where I went, the air was always fresh and pure, and the sunlight was also very warm, making people feel comfortable. I dont know when they changed, and the air began to become turbid, making it difficult to breathe; The sunshine is not as warm as before, it has become dazzling. The environment has been damaged by people, and the earth is covered in scars. If humans do not save face for nature, of course, nature will not give them a way out. How many hills have devoured thousands of hectares of fertile land, and how many floods have destroyed lovely homes? In fact, this is the warning that nature sends to humanity.
I cant imagine what kind of tragic situation this world will be if we continue like this? There is no grass growing on the ground, the sky is filled with dust and sand, and humans will turn into piles of bones in the midst of devilish screams. At that time, we can only say that humans once belonged to the Earth, but the Earth will never belong to humans again.
In my current hometown, the streets are littered with garbage and a foul smell fills the air; On the river, due to the excessive discharge of chemical drugs into the water, fish float to the surface; In the sky, dust permeates the sky, making it difficult for people to open their eyes. All of this is caused by peoples lack of environmental protection. If this continues, people have not yet tasted the bitter fruit of environmental destruction. All species have become extinct, and the Earth will become a dead star. It will be too late to repent at that time. Before this, humanity, take action, for our signs, for the Earth, and even for ourselves, take action, protect our homeland, so that that moment will not come, and make the tree of life on Earth evergreen.
The excessive consumption of resources and pollution of the environment by humans has weakened and sickened a robust Earth. Soil erosion, endangered species, and continuous reduction of arable land are all caused by human neglect of environmental protection. If people continue to be stubborn, they will inevitably suffer the consequences of self destruction.
We only have one Earth, which is our mother, raising us and nurturing us to become successful. Protecting it is our responsibility. Lets join hands and strive to protect the environment of our hometown. Starting from me, starting from the small things around us, protecting the environment and saving the earth we rely on for survival!
在科学技术迅猛发展的现代，环境污染已被人们忽视，随着人们肆意地乱砍乱伐，工厂日益地增多，往日新鲜的空气已荡然无存，臭氧层也遭到了严重的破坏。这种种的征兆表示着什么？它告诉我们，昔日生机勃勃的家乡已经在人类的破坏下成了回忆，原来清澈的小溪变成了臭水沟，蔚蓝的天空被乌烟染成了烟黄色，漫天飞舞的塑料袋赶走了小鸟，机器的隆隆声代替了鸟儿的歌鸣声。
从前，我无论走到哪里，空气总是那么的新鲜、纯净，阳光也十分地温暖，让人感到舒适。不知从何时起，它们变了，空气开始变得浑浊，让人感到呼吸不畅；阳光也没有以前的和煦，变得刺眼。环境遭到了人们的破坏，地球已经遍体鳞伤。人不给自然留面子，自然当然也不会给人留后路，多少丘吞噬了万顷良田，多少洪水冲毁了可爱的家园，其实，这就是大自然向人类发出的警示。
真不敢想象，我们如果再这样继续下去，这个世界将会是一幅怎样的惨景呢？地上寸草不生，天空尘沙弥漫，人类将在魔鬼般的尖叫声中化成堆堆白骨。到那时我们只能说，人类曾经属于过地球，但地球将永远不会再属于人类了。
现在的家乡，街道上垃圾满地，臭味熏天；河道上，由于过多的化学的药物都排到了水里，鱼儿都浮上了水面；天空中，灰尘弥漫于苍穹上，让人睁不开眼睛。这一切的一切，都是因为人们不环境保护造成的`。长此下去，人们还没有尝到破坏环境的苦果，所有的物种已经灭绝，地球也将成为一颗死星，到那时候再悔悟可就晚了。在此之前，人类，行动起来，为了我们的迹象，为了地球，更为了我们自己，行动起来，保护我们的家园，让那一时刻不会到来，让地球这棵生命之树常青。
人类过度的消耗资源和污染环境，已经把一个健壮的地球折腾的体弱带病。水土流失，珍稀物种濒临灭绝，耕地不断减少……这一切都是因人类不注意环境保护造成的，如果人们再执迷不悟，势必将自食恶果。
我们只有一个地球，地球是我们的母亲，抚养我们长大，培养我们成才。保护它是我们的职责。让我们携起手来，为了保护家乡的环境而奋斗。从我做起，从身边的小事做起，保护环境，拯救我们赖以生存的地球！
历史学考研真题
1、龙山文化 夏
2、商的后代 宋
3、台湾天地会 林爽文
4、白银货币化：一条鞭法
5、邓演达第三党：临时什么会
6、罗马西地中海霸权：第二次布匿战争
7、70年代 经济特区
8、改订新约第一个：美国
9、白衣大食：倭玛亚王朝
10、俄罗斯史：伊戈尔公远征记
11、政治组织：神圣同盟
12、甲午战争后 清政府发行的股票
13、十三十四世纪的羊毛中心：佛兰德尔
14、第一次_参与人： _
15、十二世纪早期文艺复兴中的不属于：科学从哲学中脱离
17、新巴比伦王国建立者：迦勒底人
18 、60年代美国古巴：猪湾事件
19、斯宾塞，新达尔文
20、等待戈多 荒诞派
二、名词解释：
1、三朝北盟会编
2、五一六通知
3、普安臣使团
4、拉美西斯二世
5、沙恭达罗
6、19俄国革命
7、年鉴学派
8、后三头政治
三、材料题
1、材料是清末对西方文化看法和人文主义什么的
材料分析题文艺复兴和启蒙运动的内容，魏源的.《海国图志》和郑观应的《盛世危言》比较对西学的认识。
四、论述：
1、西汉到唐代的赋税制度及主要变化。
2、16世纪后期到17世纪前半期传教士来华的背景、主要活动、影响。
3、论述拿破仑三世和法兰西第二帝国。
在考研英语各模块中，由于老师们对作文的分数、字迹、卷面等的强调，不少考生对这些要点已经烂熟于心，这说明作文的重要性已经引起了广大考生的重视，抱着想在写作部分取得高分的心态，许多考生也开始谨慎的对待这一块。可是伴随着这种谨慎的态度而来的，是写作部分存在的问题。虽然这个问题很小，但若不重视，可能会有一些严重的后果哦。今天一起来看看这个问题及其解决方法，小伙伴们有则改之，无则加勉!
⑴考研英语作文如何写之打草稿
小伙伴们已经知道这部分分值高，在整张试卷中所占比例大了，所以就更要使劲浑身解数去拿高分，打草稿就是一个比较行之有效的方法。先把作文写一遍，这一遍可以纠正作文在字迹、语法、单词拼写方面的错误和不足;可以纠正在行文思路方面存在的问题，也可以做些简单粗暴的涂改。等到确定这一稿无误之后，再把修改后的内容誊写到答题纸上。这种方法固然是好，可以保证所写的内容准确无误，字迹工整。但是，考试的时候时间虽然有三个小时，可事实上是非常紧张的。对于考生来说，最悲剧的莫过于草稿已经打好，正准备誊写的时候发现，考试的时间已经到了。会做而来不及做，对考生来说，是最可惜的，也是最大的遗憾。事实上，在老师看来，写作部分原本可以不用如此麻烦。
⑵考研英语作文如何写之列英文提纲
那具体该怎么做呢?提醒大家，我们只要先理清楚思路，然后列出对应的英文提纲就行。这一块，提醒大家要注意两点：
①考研英语作文如何写之提纲可以是关键词
该从哪些方面去分析、阐述，这主要源于平时的积累，我们从现在开始可以背一些比较好的句子和文章作为写作的素材，考试的时候合理运用就行。待上了考场就直接把这些内容整理成条，然后用一些关键词进行概括，那这些关键词就可以作为英文提纲。
②考研英语作文如何写之不随意更改
英文提纲一旦确定，则代表你的写作思路也已经确定了。这时，建议大家不要随意更改。千万不能说我写到一半，然后才发现一个更好的思路，就选择去写那个分析要点。如果真是这样，那你原本流畅的思维会戛然而止，给人一种语句或者是思维不通，很突兀的感觉。
总的来说，理清思绪，提前写好英文提纲，是写好考研英语作文的一个重要法宝。不破不立，只有有了思路，写起作文来才能如行云流水般顺利，进而达到高分的目的。小伙伴们，好好加油哦!
Life becomes wonderful because of you. To make life more exciting, we must cherish it. We should advocate cherishing life and building civilization. Make our city more beautiful.
My hometown is a Class A open city located in Anshun City, Guizhou Province.
This place has rich historical and cultural heritage, with colorful and diverse urban buildings. It is the birthplace of Qianzhong culture, leaving behind many characteristics of local ethnic culture. However, in recent years, due to peoples poor environmental awareness, it has caused a large amount of environmental pollution. There is also extensive deforestation by humans, leading to the occurrence of mudslides, massive discharge of sewage and exhaust gases, and serious damage to various ecological environments.
Anshun also includes Puding County, Xixiu District, Pingba County, Ziyun Miao and Buyi Autonomous County, Zhenning Buyi and Miao Autonomous County, and Guanling Buyi and Miao Autonomous County. But there are still some issues with the environment in these places.
For example, the Chuancheng River in Zhenning, with its shallow and dark water, makes people feel an inexplicable sadness lurking deep in their hearts. Chuancheng River, Chuancheng River. Over the years, you have raised generations of children in Zhenning. You silently contribute everything to your life. Without you, peoples lives would be like without sunshine: without you, people would be like babies leaving their mothers. Are you flowing towards the sea or the yellow soil day by day? In the past, regardless of spring, summer, autumn, or winter, there were always people washing clothes, washing faces, and playing by the river. But now that everything is gone, where are you flowing day by day? You are distressed that you cant hear the childrens laughter. No one comes here to play anymore, and now this place is lifeless
The great power bestowed upon people by nature has disappeared like this! I shouted loudly, _Who, who destroyed this great power!_
Our living environment is very poor now, and we need everyone to work together to improve it. Lets protect this beautiful world together! As an ordinary middle school student now, one should take some measures to protect the environment. For example, do not spit everywhere, do not litter the fruit peel, and do not discharge sewage. In short, we should start with small things and the small things around us. I think if everyone consciously protects the environment, wont the city we live in and the home we rely on for survival become better? Protecting the environment is also a symbol of the 2008 Green Olympics. Lets unite and work together to protect the environment, and become a small environmental advocate. Everyone contributes to the _Green Olympics_ to the best of their ability. One sentence: _It is everyones responsibility to protect the environment, cherish life, and protect the environment._
Lets work together and believe that in the near future, we can see a city full of greenery!
生命因你而变得精彩，要让生命更精彩我们就得珍惜生命。我们要提倡珍爱生命，建筑文明。让我们的城市更加美丽。
我的家乡是一个甲级开放城市位于贵州省安顺市。
这里有着丰厚的历史文化，色彩斑斓和风格各异的城市建筑。是黔中文化的发祥地，由此留下了许多有地方民族文化的特点。但是近几年来由于人们的环保意识差，从而造成了环境的大量污染。还有人类大量砍伐森林，导致泥石流的发生，大量排放污水和废气以及各种生态环境遭到严重的破坏。
安顺还包括普定县、西秀区、平坝县、紫云苗族布依族自治县、镇宁布依族苗族自治县、关岭布依族苗族自治县。但这些地方的环境都还存在一些问题。
例如镇宁的穿城河，那浅浅乌黑的水使人们感到一种莫名的悲哀潜入心底。穿城河啊穿城河多少年来上您养育了镇宁祖祖辈辈的儿女。您默默贡献自己的一切，如果没有您，人们的生活就像没有阳光:没有您，人们就像婴儿离开了母亲，这样一天一天您就是流向大海还是黄土地呢?从前，无论春夏秋冬，河边总是有人在洗衣，洗脸，嬉戏玩耍。可如今，一切都没有了，您随着日子一天天流向那去呢?您为听不到孩子们的笑声而苦恼，再也没有人来这里玩耍了，现在这里死气沉沉的……
大自然所赋予人们的伟大力量就这样消失了!我大声呼喊:_是谁，是谁把这伟大的力量给毁了!_
现在我们生活的环境很差，需要大家的齐心协力来共同把环境搞好。让我们一起保护好这美丽的世界吧!现在作为一名普通的中学生，应该做好一些保护环境的方法。如:不随地吐痰，不乱仍果皮，不排放污水。总之，要从小事做起，从身边的.小事做起。我想如果人人都自觉保护好环境，那么我们生活的城市和我们赖以生存的家园不就会变得更美好吗?在说保护环境也是2008年_绿色奥运_的象征，大家团结奋进共同把环境保护好，做一个环保小小宣传员。人人为_绿色奥运_贡献一份力所能及的力。一句话:_保护环境，人人有责，珍爱生命，保护环境。_
让我们一起努力吧，相信不久的将来我们能见到一个充满绿意的城市!
Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)
You should
interpret the chart, and
give your comments.
You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should
1)describe the drawing briefly.
2)explain its intended meaning, and
3)give you comments.
As is vividly revealed in the photograph, two players with masks are playing fencing with tenacity and quickness. We are informed that “It is opportunity as well as challenges”. Some people believe that opportunities are the result of coincidence or random chance, others argue that they exist all around us and that our attitudes determine whether we exploit an opportunity or forfeit it.
One factor that plays a role in determining our opportunities in life is random chance. Some people are born with certain opportunities. For example, Prince William would not be second in line to the British throne if his father had been anyone other than Prince Charles. In addition to the element of chance, a large part of opportunitystems from individual attitudes and mindsets. Opportunitiesoften exist all around us, waiting for those with the courage and enterprise to seize them. Finally, many of our opportunities are the result of hard work and perseverance. While utilizing one’s natural endowments and taking advantage of existing chances is important, new opportunities can only be created through effort and action.
In sum, I believe that the number of opportunities each of us has depends on a combination of factors, including random chance, individual mindset, and the degree of one’s perseverance. To make the most of our lives, we must capitalize on chance, maintain an optimistic attitude, and work hard to achieve our goals.
小学生体育教研工作计划范文参考一
一、学生分析
二年级的学生年龄比较小，基础比较薄弱，对动作事物结构的思考较为肤浅，身体素质较差，意志力比较薄弱，但是二年级学生形象思维十分活跃，语言和行为欢快活跃。个人能力的提高和思维方式发生了变化，二年级学生心理趋向稳定，显示出一定的个性特征，个人能处理的问题越来越多，自信心不断增强，一年级的恐慌心情已经很少见到，即使遇到了什么困难，自己也能从容面对。出现了竞争意识。针对这些特点，着重对学生进行入门教育和纪律性教育，在此基础上进行启发诱导，提高其积极性和竞争意识。
二、教学目标及重难点
教学目标：
1、掌握基本的体育基础知识，明确体育锻炼的作用，在锻炼中运用学到的知识。并不断巩固和提高。
2、每节课进行一定时间的队列练习，对其进行组织纪律性的教育。
3、进一步增强体质，特别是柔韧素质和力量素质。
4、通过体育锻炼，培养集体主义精神，进行爱国主义教育，增强自信心，为终身体育打下坚实的基础。
教学重点：
1、由于运动会有队列比赛，所以每节课要进行一定时间的队列练习
2、二年级的体育教学的重点主要侧重于投掷和跳跃，所以在教学活动中要有意识的进行投掷方面和跳跃项目的练习，譬如投准投远练习和跳上跳下练习。
教学难点：
二年级的学生理解动作比较慢，在进行一些协调性的练习时，可能接受比较慢，所以韵律舞蹈和儿童的一些基本舞步学生接受起来会比较困难。
三、教材分析
二年级的体育教学内容，改变了从开始就以运动技术体系为目标，每个教材内容都为运动技术的发展打基础的写法，而是以学生为本，选择以发展基本活动能力为主的锻炼活动和游戏。教材内容强调学生的兴趣，并能有效地落实小学体育的目标。具体的教学内容，以游戏为主，分为基本活动和游戏。在基本活动中有一些简单的技术动作，也大都以游戏作为手段和方法进行教学。
其中包括：基本活动：排队活动、基本体操（徒手的和使用轻器械的）、走、跑、跳跃、投掷、攀爬、跳绳、踢毽子、滚翻、韵律活动（包括简易舞蹈）、自我表现活动等。游戏：奔跑游戏（多种移动、躲闪、急停）、跳跃游戏（各种跳跃等）、投掷游戏（各种挥动、抛掷等）和小球类游戏等。这些内容强调“活动”，所有教材内容均以示例性为主，教师都可以自行选择和组合，创造性地进行教学。
四、课时安排
每课2课时，共30节课。
五、教学措施及应该注意的事项
教学措施：
在教学过程中教师积极引导学生，充分发挥学生的主体作用。让学生在玩的过程中主动学习、主动探索，培养学生的自学、自练、自评的能力。多采用情景法主题法进行教学，让学生乐于其中。
注意事项：
1、年龄普遍较小，多采用游戏。
2、小学生好胜心强，可采用一些教学比赛，以增强学生锻炼身体的效果。
3、因材施教，以增强学生的自信心，在运动中享受到锻炼的乐趣。
小学生体育教研工作计划范文参考二
一、生理发育特点
1、一、二年级学生一般为7~9岁，在生理上有所发展。骨骼肌肉茁壮成长，特别是下肢骨骼的增长，比身体增长还要快。
2、一、二年级学生肌肉发育尚不完全，含水份多，肌肉纤维较细，肌腱宽而短，关节的软骨较厚，关节囊韧带薄而松弛，关节周围肌肉较细长，关节的.伸展性活动范围较大，牢固性较差，容易发生脱臼。因此在体育活动和锻炼时不易进行剧烈运动。
3、一、二年级学生神经系统调节心脏活动的功能已发展完成，血液循环比较快，心跳较快，应防止心脏负担过重和体力活动过度。
二、心理发展特点
1、一、二年级学生心理水平还停留在不随意性和具体形象阶段；心理活动的随意性和目的性虽有所发展，但仍以不随意性为主。
2、一、二年级学生参加集体活动时的集体意识比较模糊，还不能清楚地意识到自己和集体的关系；意识到班级是一个集体，意识到班级的荣誉。
3、一、二年级学生还不具备自我评价能力，对活动的成功与失败不会放到心上，但喜欢听表扬的话，对批评的话语不放在心理，一会就恢复到原始状态。
三、教学研究内容
1、教材的重点是以、游戏教材，应突出课堂上练的教学方法，难点是队列的基本动作，使学生从小就建立正确的动作概念和动作方法，但是对于一、二年级来说是比较难做的，可采用直观教学，利用互相帮助和课外活动的方式来突破这一难点教材。
2、教研专题：本学期的教研专题“体育教学中培养学生创新能力”。
小学生体育教研工作计划范文参考三
为更好的做好体育课教学，不断培养学生对体育课的兴趣和爱好，从而提高学生自身素质，使学生得到全面发展，特制定本学期计划如下：
一、教材分析
由于年龄所致，二年级体育课依旧以基础知识为主，针对学生的接受能力灵活安排，小学体育课以指导、活动实践为原则，在教学内容中，根据参与、运动技能、身体健康、心理健康和身体适应五个学习领域安排课程，把队形练习、基本体操、走、跑、跳、投以及简易的韵律操等逐项内容作为基本活动，因为这些内容都是一些简单的身体活动和生活中所需要的使用性较强的技能。
二、学生情况分析
二年级相比一年级来讲，体育基础有了一定的积累，学生对体育知识及技术技能有了一定的认知，自控能力和组织纪律还需进一步加强，但学生们依然体现出了活泼好动，喜欢上体育课和参加体育活动。上一学期学生队列队形的整齐度较好，本学期从学生实际情况出发，因材施教、合理安排教材、充分调动学生上课学习体育知识和技能的积极性。
三、教学目标
1、进一步使学生了解上好体育课对自身带来的益处，掌握一些提高身体健康的知识和办法。
2、学会基本活动、小游戏、韵律操的方法，从而提高自身素质。
3、不断领会参加体育课、体育活动所带来的乐趣。
4、尊敬师长、团结同学、刻苦学习，培养学生不怕苦不怕累的精神。
四、教学重点
1、培养学生养成正确的坐姿。
2、提高队列队形的整齐度。
3、提高学生广播体操动作的规范性。
4、跑、跳、投正确技术的掌握。
五、教学方向
更多的培养体育人才，培养学生对体育的兴趣，使学生的运动能力和技术水平得到提高，学生的身心健康和体能得到全面发展，不断提高学生综合能力。
六、主要措施
1、首先，认真备课，课后认真总结，利用课余时间认真学习教材以及与教材有关的书籍，上课期间做好示范和讲解。
2、上课期间，教学方法多样性、灵活性，以学习和练习为主，及时纠正学生错误动作，时刻做到以学生为主。
When you pass by a green belt, you will see a sign saying _Protecting the greenery is everyones responsibility_. Whether in residential areas or open spaces in parks, signs such as _Do not litter_ and _Do not spit or litter_ can also be seen everywhere in our daily lives. These signs remind you to pay attention to the surrounding environment and protect it.
As citizens of society, what we do is not to produce garbage on a larger scale, but to minimize the production of garbage as much as possible.
Of course, protecting the environment is not just about unilaterally reducing the production of waste, but also includes water resources, land resources, and even resources that need to be cherished everywhere. Install energy-saving faucets and energy-saving lamps; We can use our rice washing water to wash vegetables, water flowers, and so on; Turn off the lights when nobody is around. Reduce the need to replace the pen holder once and minimize unnecessary waste.
According to statistics, if one ton of paper requires 17 trees and billion people waste one piece of paper per person, approximately 6800000 trees will be destroyed; Taking disposable wooden chopsticks as an example, 45 billion pairs of disposable wooden chopsticks are consumed annually. Processing 5000 pairs of disposable wooden chopsticks consumes a 30-year-old poplar tree, and the daily production of disposable wooden chopsticks in China consumes over 100 acres of forest, totaling 36000 acres per year. _6800000_ and _360000 mu_ are such a huge number. Reduce the use of plastic bags and disposable lunch boxes. If these are discarded indiscriminately after use, they will cause damage to the land, affect agricultural development, and pose a threat to animal survival. And batteries should not be thrown around directly after use. According to measurements, a No. 1 battery that decays in the soil can make one square meter of land lose its value for use; A button battery can pollute 600000 liters of water, equivalent to a persons lifetime of drinking water.
Sometimes, by doing the following, we can contribute to protecting our planet.
1、 Establish environmental protection knowledge.
2、 Understand how to save resources. Dont waste water, dont waste food. To extract mineral resources in moderation;
3、 Do not buy disposable chopsticks, foam lunch boxes and white pollution articles, and resist white pollution;
4、 Establishing childrens environmental awareness from an early age, avoiding littering, and cultivating a positive environmental perspective from an early age;
5、 Driving one less day a month, walking or cycling more, can not only reduce carbon monoxide emissions, but also exercise and enhance physical fitness;
6、 Participate more in environmental protection activities organized by community organizations, and only by joining them can we understand the importance of environmental protection;
7、 Plant various green plants in the community or at home to beautify the environment. Such small details can play a role in protecting the environment.
当在你经过绿化带时你会看到过“保护绿化，人人有责”的标识语。无论是在小区还是公园的空地旁边也会看到“请勿随便乱扔垃圾”“请勿随地吐痰扔杂物”等的字样，这样的标识语在我们的生活中随处可见，这些标示语无一不是在提醒你要注意周边环境，要做到保护环境。
作为一个社会的公民，我们做的不是去再大规模地制造垃圾，而是尽量减少垃圾的制造。
当然保护环境亦不是仅仅单方面地减少垃圾的.制造就能够了，还包括水资源，土地资源等，甚至能够说随处可见的都是需要我们珍惜的资源。安装节水龙头、节能灯;用我们的淘米水能够再洗菜浇花等等;在没人的时候将灯关闭……。减少一次更换笔套、减少不必要的浪费。
据统计，如果一吨纸需要17棵树如果12亿人每人浪费一张纸大约会毁掉6800000棵树;以一次性木制筷子为例，每年消耗一次性木筷子450亿双。每加工5000双木制一次性筷子要消耗一棵生长30年的杨树，全国每天生产一次性木制筷子要消耗森林100多亩，一年下来总计万亩。“6800000”、“万亩”那是一个多么庞大的数字。减少塑料袋、一次性饭盒的使用。如果将这些使用后随意丢弃，那么它们将会对土地造成破坏，影响农业发展，对动物生存构成威胁。而电池在使用后也不能够直接将其随处乱扔，据测量一节一号电池烂在土壤里，能够使一平方米土地失去利用价;一个扣钮电池能够污染60万升水，相当于一个人一生的饮水量。
有时候我们只要做到以下几点，就能够为保护我们的地球贡献一份力量。
一、树立环保知识。
二、懂得节约资源。不浪费水，不浪费饭菜。要节制地开采矿物资源;
三、不买一次性筷子，泡沫饭盒以及白色污染物品，抵制白色污染;
四、从小树立孩子的环保意识，不随手扔垃圾，使他们从小养成良好的环保观点;
五、每月少开一天汽车，多步行或恰自行车，这样既能够减少一氧化碳的排放，还能够锻炼身体，增强体质;
六、多多参加社区组织的环保活动，加入其中，我们才会懂得环保的重要性;
七、在小区里或家中多种一些绿色植物，美化环境。就这样一些小小的细节就能够起到保护环境的作用。
Many people appreciate the conveniences of the city. The city offers a wide choice of jobs for adults and schools for children. It also provides plenty of facilities for culture, entertainment and , department, stores, cinemas, and so on. Besides, transportation is usually well developed in the city, with a variety of modes of travel, including buses, trains and subways.
In the country, on the other hand, one can enjoy the advantages of fresh air and food, and a more relaxed life style. Housing is usually spacious and inexpensive in the country. And, as for recreation, what could be more relaxing than a stroll down a country lane amid beautiful scenery? However there are advantages to living in either the city or the country. City air tends to be polluted, and the streets are always crowded and noisy. In the country, on the other hand, the lack of stimulating activities can make a person feel bored and isolated.
All in all, I would say that living in the city is best, for the convenience the city offers in terms of education and work; after all, one can always spend vacations in the countryand get the best of both.
许多人欣赏这座城市的便利。这座城市为成年人提供了广泛的工作选择，为儿童提供了学校。它还提供了大量的文化、娱乐和娱乐设施，如餐馆、百货公司、商店、电影院等。此外，城市交通通常很发达，有多种出行方式，包括公共汽车、火车和地铁。
另一方面，在国内，人们可以享受新鲜空气和食物的优势，以及更轻松的生活方式。在这个国家，住房通常既宽敞又便宜。至于娱乐，还有什么比在美丽的风景中漫步在乡间小路上更放松的呢？然而，住在城市或乡村都有好处。城市空气往往受到污染，街道总是拥挤嘈杂。另一方面，在这个国家，缺乏刺激性的`活动会让人感到无聊和孤立。
总而言之，我想说，生活在城市是最好的，因为城市在教育和工作方面提供了便利；毕竟，一个人总是可以在乡下度假，并且两者兼得。
2013年的研究生入学英语考试已于1月5日结束。与2012年的写作题目相比，本次考试的写作题目主题清晰、难度适中，题材和形式也没有出现大的波动。下面本文就对本次考试写作部分的大作文进行简评，并提出备考建议，希望能给考生带来一些启发。
真题回放
directions：
write an essay of 160～200 words based on the following drawing. in your essay you should
① describe the drawing briefly，
② explain its intended meaning， and
③ give your comments.
you should write neatly on answer sheet 2. （20 points）
此次考研英语大作文有两个较为显著的特点，下面我们来具体分析。
1.仍然以“励志”话题为考试主题，内容和2012年趋同
2013年考研英语大作文秉承了以往的出题形式，即要求考生对图画情景进行简要描述，对图画的意义进行阐释并提出自己的看法。考生可以将此次大作文的主题进行如下解读：人生路上有诸多选择，但无论作何种选择，年轻人都应该勤奋向上（diligence）、坚持不懈（perseverance）、脚踏实地（down-to-earth），这样才可能获得最后的成功。
如果考生选择了这一主题来写，那么很多内容就会和2012年考研英语大作文的内容趋同，因为2012年大作文的主题同样可以作如下解读：年轻人只要积极乐观地看待人生困境，就能勤奋向上、坚持不懈、脚踏实地，最终获得成功。虽然主题词汇由2012年的“乐观、积极的人生态度”变成了2013年的“抉择”，但阐述段（编注：考研英语大作文通常可分为图画描述段、阐述段和结论段，阐述段是最为重要的一段）的很多内容都是相通的。如此看来，若考生对历年考研英语大作文的考题较为熟悉，并认真分析和背诵了历年（尤其是2012年）的写作范文，那么考生很容易在本次大作文中获得满意的分数。
2.阐述段的写法呈多样化趋势
虽说考试形式变化不大，但纵观近几年考研英语大作文的出题思路，笔者发现了一个新的出题趋势，那就是阐述段的写法不必拘泥于同一个主题，考生可选择的写法日趋多样化。这种多样化趋势其实在2012年的考研英语大作文中就有所展现了。2012年的大作文题目为一幅漫画，画中有一个倒在地上的瓶子，瓶里的液体洒了一地，这个瓶子的旁边站着两个人，一个人垂头丧气地说：“全完了！”另一个人则说：“幸好还剩点儿！”这幅漫画很直观地表现了两个人针对同一事物截然不同的态度，所以考生最为稳妥的写作策略就是将漫画的主题定为“用乐观的态度看待困境”。不过，在2012年的写作考试中，有一些考生将主题词汇定为“酗酒有害”，虽然观点看似偏颇，但是内容具体、语言规范、言之有理，最后也获得了不错的分数。2013年的考研英语大作文同样体现了这一趋势，考生不必只拘泥于一个主题。下面笔者就针对今年的考题提供三种阐述段的写作方法，给出三段例文，并进行简要评点。
以“抉择”为主题进行写作
这种写法属于“见招拆招”。考生可以对求职、考研、出国、创业的优劣性进行逐一分析，然后表明自己的选择。
例文：on the one hand， the keen competition makes it less possible for a college graduate to find a well-paid vacancy in a large company. on the other hand， it seems to be challenging for a youngster to either go abroad or carve out his career， because these two options require sufficient money. by comparison， for most young people born in a household with average annual income， taking part in the postgraduate admission test appears rational and realistic.
评点：这种写法会使作文内容显得比较灵活，不像是对模板句的生搬硬套。但这种写法要求考生思维活跃，不仅要能熟读熟背范文，还要能融会贯通、活学活用。
从学过的励志题材中寻找主题词，不在“抉择”上纠缠
考生写阐述段时可先选择主题词（如脚踏实地的工作态度等），然后用励志题材的写法进行内容延伸。这个写法虽然有些老套，但是如果主题清晰、内容具体、语言规范，也能得到满意的分数。
例文：the primary purpose of this picture is that no matter what we do， a down-to-earth working style is necessary. on the one hand， to make our dreams come true， we have to work hard and stick to our goals. on the other hand， we won’t achieve anything unless we work hard to cultivate abilities and expand professional knowledge. that’s why a down-to-earth style is so important. it will help us seize opportunities and achieve goals， whether we choose to study abroad， start our own business， or look for a well-paid job.
评点：这段例文以脚踏实地的工作态度为主题词来写作阐述段。除了这一主题外，考生还可以按照该例文的写作思路选择自信（self-confidence）、勤奋、坚持不懈等主题词来完成阐述段的写作。对于那些对“抉择”这一主题不太熟悉的考生来说，这是一种较为安全的写作方式，不顺着“抉择”写，而是巧妙地将主题阐述为“即使有了抉择，也必须脚踏实地”。虽然该例文可能有套用模板句的痕迹，例如the primary pu
rpose of this picture is that的写法就是典型的模板句，不过这段例文的主题鲜明、内容具体、语言规范，也能获得还不错的分数。
将“抉择”处理成消极态度，即很多年轻人面对这些抉择，普遍感到迷惘
在笔者看来，这种写法是把“双刃剑”，写好了可能会获得高分，写不好可能就是“自寻死路”。如果采用这种写作方式，考生可能会在肯定句型和否定句型的转换上遇到一些困难，而且结尾段不太好写。
例文：the fierce social competition makes it barely possible for a college student to find a good-paying job or earn handsome salary. many of these students cannot afford their tuition fee if they choose to study abroad. and starting a business of his own seems to be increasingly difficult， because it requires some financial support which their parents may not be wealthy enough to give. so the last option is to take part in the postgraduate admission test， which definitely occupies much time and energy. even if they pass the test， what will happen after graduation？ it appears equally difficult to find a good-paying job or earn handsome salary. and i seem to be one of those confused and bewildered youngsters in the picture above.
评点：这个带有消极色彩的写法的确有些“冒险”，但看得出这是考生情感的真实流露。这一思路类似于2012年大作文中以“酗酒有害”为主题的写作思路，写起来比较复杂。但这种写法也有它的优势所在，因为它看似情绪消极，缺乏“正能量”，但它源于考生的真实感受，比较能感染人。
综上所述，考研英语大作文的图画所体现的含义不止一种，阐述段的写法也可以多样化。考生在确定大作文的主题和阐述段的内容时，不必拘泥于一种思路，要多加分析，选择自己最擅长的方式来写。对于考生来说，最重要的就是要做到主题明确、内容具体、言之有理、语言规范。
总的来看，2013年考研英语大作文的难度适中，其主要特点就是阐述段的写作呈现多样化趋势。这一趋势给考生提供了较大的发挥空间，考生可以选择与图画相关的且自己擅长的主题进行写作，畅所欲言。针对这一新的出题趋势以及历年大作文的出题特点，笔者建议考生在备考2014年考研英语大作文时可做到以下两点。
1.精读历年考研英语大作文范文
考研英语真题
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)
Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences, has 2 .
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1,932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .
While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the 8 our kin.”
The study 9 found that the genes for small were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now, 10 , as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working together that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 “functional Kinship” of being friends with 14 !
One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes to be evolution 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.
The findings do not simply explain people’s 18 to be friend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.
1、[A]what [B]why [C]how [D]when
2、[A]defended [B]concluded [C]withdrawn [D] advised
3、[A]for [B]with [C]by [D]on
4、[A]separated [B]sought [C]compared [D] connected
5 、[A]tests [B] objects [C]samples [D]examples
6、[A]Insignificant [B]unexpected [C] unreliable [D]incredible
7、[A]visit [B]miss [C] know [D] seek
8、[A]surpass [B] influence [C] favor [D]resemble
9、[A]again [B] also [C]instead [D]thus
10、[A] Meanwhile [ B]Furthermore [C] Likewise [D]Perhaps
11、[A] about [ B] to [C] from [D]like
12、[A] limit [ B] observe [C] confuse [D]drive
13、[A] according to [ B] rather than [C] regardless of [D]along with
14、[A]chances [ B]responses [C]benefits [D]missions
15、[A] faster [ B]slower [C] later [D]earlier
16、[A] forecast [ B] remember [C] express [D]disruptive
17、[A] unpredictable [ B] contributory [C] controllable [D]disruptive
18、[A] tendency [ B] decision [C]arrangement [D]endeavor
19、[A] political [ B]religious [C] ethnic [D]economic
20、[A] see [ B]show [C] prove [D]tell
Given is a pie chart, clearly illustrating the striking contrasts in college students’ reading purposes on mobile phones in a certain university. Overall, the aim of learning ranks the first, accounting for 58%. Then, the next is searching for information, with 28%, followed by entertainment, at 12%.
These statistics above can be associated with the importance of mobile phones in students’ learning and daily life, but what result in the differences? On the one hand, smart phones are characterized by the diverse and powerful functions, which brings them great convenience and enhance their learning efficiency. A typical example is that they, with cell phones, can take online courses and look for useful information anywhere. On the other hand, compared with others, university students suffer greater mental stress, so they relax by listening to music or watching videos on phones.
As a youngster, I believe that we should use mobile phones in a rational way. Meanwhile, it is not advisable for anyone to be addicted to online games or social networks.
所给是一幅饼图，清晰地展示了某高校学生手机阅读使用目的对比。总的来看，学习的目的占最大比例，达到了58%。其次是查资料，占28%，紧随其后是娱乐，占比12%。
以上数据使人想到手机在学生的学习和日常生活中的重要性，但是，是什么导致了这些差异？一方面，智能手机有多样和强大的.功能，给他们带来了极大的方便并提高了他们的学习效率。一个典型的例子是，他们可以使用手机在任何地方上在线课程、查询有用的信息。另一方面，与其他人相比，大学生承受着更大的精神压力，所以他们通过用手机听音乐或看视频来放松。
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following your essay, you should
1. describe the pictures briefly,
2. interpret its intended meaning, and
3. give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET . (20 points)
A group of friends, boys or girls, are having a dinner party while each one of them is checking messages in their mobile phones without saying a word to one another, leaving the dishes are informed that this is a gathering in the era of mobile phone.
The above picture unveils a common social phenomenon and the symbolic meaning of the photo is the effect of the mobile phone on people's way of life. Undoubtedly, the phone provides us with considerable convenience, making many things possible which are beyond our dreams. As a communication tool, the phone makes us closer than ever before by providing immediate communication. Meanwhile, there are negative effects on our personal life. As is shown in the picture, people are imprisoned in their own world! They choose contacting online rather than communicating face to face.
Accordingly, enjoying the convenience provided by the phones, we should bear in mind that human beings are social beings who need real interpersonal interactions! Joint efforts are needed to ensure people to have face-to-face communication! I believe a harmonious relationship between friends is awaiting us if we set aside our mobile phones and enjoy the untouched meal!
you are going to hold a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.
You should state reasons for your recommendation.
You should write neatly on the ANWSER SHEET. Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter, use “Li Ming ” instead. Do not write the address .(10 points)
我们对待英语作文的基本态度是：背诵成品，准确记忆，归结模板，适当练手。
首先，学习语言，没有比背诵更好的方法了
作文一出生就是用来背的，背完后默写，修改，然后再接着背，接着默写，修改。我们学汉语学得这么溜的原因就是我们的脑子里有大量的文字性的片段和短语词汇之类的积累，想想你小时候语文老师教你背下来那些好词好段的用意，套用在英语上也能奏效，学习语言，没有比背诵更好的方法了。请16级备考的的童鞋们背完作文后务必要默写，然后对着原文一丝不苟的修改。另外，有一种“记住”叫做“你觉得你记住了”，别以为你背出来的就是原文，真写一遍你就知道你照葫芦画出来的究竟是瓢还是葫芦。
其次，学会活用模板，注重素材的积累，同时要适当加入自己的内容
我们在初练写作的时候套用模板是正常的事情，也是一个必经的过程，只有先试用别人的东西，才能学习和积累写作素材。模板要活学活用，不要一字不差的照抄无误，而是要根据自己所要表达的内容进行更改。写作不一定要字字句句都是难词，长句，而是要学会运用一些常见词的常见短语去表达，这样才能真正显示写作的水平。这就要求学生在平时的学习中注意积累常用的短语或者词组，以备写作之用。
关于写作素材，不仅仅指写作常用的词汇，句型或者语法结构，还要包括所用的事例。比如：2001年的写作真题，要求写“爱心”，第二段要求用实例证明主题。有的考生见题就写“我考试面临很大的压力，我的朋友是如何帮助我排解压力的”，这显然就是素材贫乏造成的后果。题目中的“爱心”是指“大爱”，陌生人互帮互助的心态。如果写“汶川地震，希望工程”这类事例，显然非常符合题目要求，而且事例又广为人知，比写“朋友如何帮助我”更生动，更有说服力。因此，在平常的练习中要注意从阅读中积累素材，积累词句，而不要仅仅局限于模板之中。
最后，重视日常练习中的作文批改及仿写
考生在备考写作时，大多忽视了写作训练，因而不能发现自己经常犯的语法错误，更不能克服提笔不知写什么的情况。虽然有部分同学意识到了作文训练的重要作用，但是面对自已“难产出来”的文章，怎么看怎么满意，却不知里面充满了基本的语法错误，以及和考研英语写作格格不入的内容。所以建议大家一定要重视写作练习以及练习后的作文批改。
上述就是培养考研英语作文的自我修改该怎么做的专家建议了，供大家参考，希望对你备考英语作文有所帮助。
第一部分、考研英语情景作文：说明原因型
模块(1)
Nowadays , there are more and more XX in some big cities . It is estimated that ( 1 ). Why have there been so many XX ? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.
The first one is that ( 2 ) .Besides, ( 3 ) . The third reason is ( 4 ). To sum up , the main cause of XX is due to ( 5 ) .
It is high time that something were done upon it. For one thing , ( 6 ). On the other hand , ( 7 ). All these measures will certainly reduce the number of XX .
注释：
(1)用具体数据说明XX现象;
(2)原因一;
(3)原因二;
(4)原因三;
(5)指出主要原因;
(6)解决建议一;
(7)解决建议二。
范文：Generation gap between parents and children
Nowadays , there are more and more misunderstanding between parents and children which is so- called generation gap . It is estimated that (75 percentages of parents often complain their children' s unreasonable behavior while children usually think their parents too old fashioned).
Why have there been so much misunderstanding between parents and children? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows .
The first one is that ( the two generations, having grown up at different times, have different likes and dislikes , thus the disagreement often rises between them) . Besides (due to having little in common to talk about , they are not willing to sit face to face ) . The third reason is (with the pace of modern life becoming faster and faster , both of them are so busy with their work or study that they don’t spare enough time to exchange ideas ).To sum up ,the main cause of XX is due to ( lake of communication and understanding each other) .
It is high time that something were done upon it. For one thing (children should respect their parents ). On the other hand , ( parents also should show solicitue for their children). All these measures will certainly bridge the generation gap .
模块(2)
In recent years , xx has caused a heated debate on ( 1 ).
The factors for ( 2 ) .First of all ,( 3 ).Then , there comes a case that ( 4 ). Moreover , ( 5 ) .Especially when ( 6 ) .
Indeed, these unique points can be collected theo remind people that ( 7 ).In this way ,we should behave just like ( 8 ).
范文：The impact of Television
In recent years , with the development of science and technology ,80 percent of all homes in China have satellite TV , offering as many as 50 channels .It has caused a heated debate on (the impact of television on children ). Many parents are worried about the impact of so much television on children.
The factors for (parents' worry is that children are indulge in television and spend too much time on it .) . First of all , (with so many programs to choose from , children are not getting as much exercise as they should ). Then , there comes a case that ( some studies have show that excessive watching of television by millions of children has lowered their ability to achieve in school ). Moreover , ( the effect on children’s minds are more serious than the effect on children' s bodies ) . Especially when ( the children are too small to judge what programs are suit to them ) .
Indeed, these unique points can be connected to remind parents that ( they should pay close attention to and responsibilities for supervising their children' s TV viewing ). In this way , children will not be influented too deeply.
模块(3)
Currently, XX has been the order of the day .This does demonstrate the theory --- nothing is more valuable than XX .
It is clear that ( 1 ). If you ( 2 ), as a result , your dreams willcome true . On the contrary, if you ( 3 ). Failure will be following with you. It turns out that all your plan falls through .
No one can deny another fact that ( 4 ) . You donn' t have to look very far to find out the truth , in respect that we all know ( 5 ) .
It will exert a profound influence upon ( 6 ). With reference to my standpoint , I think ( 7 ).
1 ： XX的第一个优点
2： 支持XX的做法
3：不支持XX的做法
4：XX的第二个优点
5：举例证明优点二
6：说明XX优点三的影响
范文：The importance of self-confidence
Currently, self-confidence has been the order of the day . This does demonstrate the theory --- nothing is more valuable than self-confidence.
It is clear that (self-confidence means trust in one's abilities ). If you ( are full of self-confidence ,it will bring your creative power to play , arouse your enthusiasm for work, and help you overcome difficulties), as a result , your dreams willcome true .On the contrary, if you ( have no confidence in yourself, there is little possibility that you would ever achieve anything ). Failure will be following with you. It turns out that all your plan falls through .
No one can deny another fact that (self-confidence gives you light when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismayed) . You donn't have to look very far to find out the truth , in respect that we all know (the secret of lies in preserverence and self-confidence, the latter in particular) .
It will exert a profound influence upon ( the achievement of one's ambitions ). With reference to my standpoint ,I think (he that can have self-confidence can have what he will).
模块(4)
For most of us today ,( 1 ).
From above ,we can find that the reasons why ( 2 ) are as follows. The primary reason ,I think, is ( 3 ). Second,( 4 ). The third reason, actually ,is ( 5 ).
The significance for ( 6 ) . Therefore ,( 7 ).
(1)人们针对XX的态度和举措
(2)归纳现状
(3)第一个原因
(4)第二个原因
(5)第三个原因
(6)重申造成现状的最重要原因
(7)我的建议
范文：pollution
Most of us today (recognize that environmental pollution has been a greatly serious problem. Lots of plants trees corps are destroyed by bad air. Many fish die of poisonous water. Thousands of people die from eating poisoned fish or breathing in gas. Therefore , environmental pollution should be responsible for these diseases that are disabling ,or bringing death not only to human beings ,but also to wild life .)
From above, we can find that the reasons why (environment are polluted more and more seriously ) are as follows. The primary reason, I think , is (the reason of harmful substances into environment. For example, to prevent insects, farmers make use of great amounts of insecticides, so as to have bumper harvests. However ,they pollute air, water and land ). Second, (the gas coming from the car engines and factories also make environment polluted badly ). The third reason actually is (the result of a growing population in the world. Everyday, so much litter and waste are poured out from houses, also pollute the environment ).
The significance for (controlling pollution ) noted that it's high time that more effective measures should be taken. Therefore, (new laws should be passed to limit the amount of pollutants from factories. Moreover, in the households, there is an obvious need to reduce litter and waste. Let's make our good efforts, and the world will be a safer place to live for us ).
模块(5)
These days we often hear that ( 1 ). It is common that ( 2 ).
Why does such circumstance occur in spite of social protects? For one thing ,( 3 ). For another,( 4 ). What is more, since ( 5 ),it is natural that ( 6 ).
To solve the problem is not easy at all, but is worth trying. We should do something such as ( 7 )to improve he present situation, and I do believe everything will be better in the future .
[考研作文万能模板]
While utilizing the natural resources on Earth, humans also discharge a large amount of waste, causing serious damage to the ecological environment and turning the Earth into a _garbage ball_. What should we do? People began to reflect.
In order to protect the Earth we rely on for survival and make our homes more beautiful, people must do this: sort and recycle garbage.
Many of the waste in our lives can be utilized as resources in other settings. Garbage classification and recycling can turn waste into treasure. The recycling and utilization of waste paper, plastic, glass, and metal can all become valuable resources, reduce environmental pollution, and alleviate the pressure of garbage treatment. For example, white garbage - foam and plastic bags can become oil after treatment; Waste batteries can extract valuable metals; Waste paper can be used to produce recycled paper; Waste glass can be used to remanufacture glass; Fruit peels, vegetable residues, etc. can be used to make good organic fertilizers
In order to make Guangzhou more beautiful, garbage sorting requires everyone to participate together. But now many citizens are not very familiar with what garbage classification is, why it is necessary, and what benefits garbage classification has. I suggest that the government and various social forces must also strengthen their publicity and education efforts, such as distributing a booklet on garbage classification to each household, which lists the detailed classification of garbage. For example, waste paper, plastic, glass, metal, etc. are recyclable waste; Fruit peels, vegetable residues, etc. are organic waste; Waste batteries, lamps, etc. are hazardous waste. In this way, not only can it enhance the environmental awareness of citizens, but it can also make it clear to everyone how to classify garbage at a glance. In addition, one can also enter the community for publicity and education, implement garbage classification in households, and establish household records related to garbage classification; Organize community garbage classification training; Organize citizens to visit _Garbage and Environment Exhibition_, garbage sorting stations and landfills, and experience firsthand the harm that garbage causes to the environment; Organize more environmental volunteers to the community to promote garbage classification, publish a series of advertising posters on garbage classification, and hold garbage classification exhibitions; Through primary and secondary education, let children drive families; Organize media to track and report on units and communities that have done well in garbage classification, and provide publicity and encouragement to families and individuals who have done well in garbage classification; At the same time, it is also possible to consider using incentive mechanisms to encourage citizens to carry out garbage sorting. For example, the German government has adopted methods such as giving garbage bags to citizens to stimulate and ensure peoples initiative in garbage classification.
If everyone can have more environmental awareness when throwing garbage, then the whole society can be less troubled by garbage. Lets all take action and participate in the activity of garbage sorting and recycling!
人类在利用地球上的自然资源的同时也排放出大量的废物，对生态环境造成了严重的破坏，使地球变成了一个“垃圾球”。这怎么办呢？人们开始进行了反思。
为了保护我们赖以生存的地球，使我们的家园更加美丽，人们必须这样做：分类回收垃圾。
我们生活中的许多废物，可以在其它的场合被利用而成为资源。垃圾分类回收可以变废为宝，废纸、废塑料、废玻璃、废金属回收利用，都可以成为宝贵的资源，又可以减少环境污染，减轻垃圾处理的压力。例如：白色垃圾——泡沫、塑料袋经过处理后可以变成油；废电池可以提炼出贵重的金属；废纸可以制造再生纸；废玻璃可以用来再制造玻璃；果皮、菜渣等可以用来制造很好的有机肥料……
为了使广州更加美丽，垃圾分类需要大家共同参与。但是现在有许多市民还不太了解垃圾分类是怎么一回事，为什么要垃圾分类，垃圾分类有什么好处等。我建议政府和各种社会力量还必须加强宣传教育的力度，如向每户家庭发一本有关垃圾分类的小册子，上面列明垃圾的详细分类。比如：废纸、废塑料、废玻璃、废金属等为可回收垃圾；果皮、菜渣等为有机垃圾；废电池、灯管等为有害垃圾。这样，不仅可以增强市民的环保意识，还可以让大家一目了然，知道怎么进行垃圾分类。除此之外还可进入社区进行宣传教育，将垃圾分类落实到家庭，建立与垃圾分类有关的家庭档案；组织社区的垃圾分类培训；组织市民参观有关_垃圾与环境展_、垃圾分拣站及垃圾填埋场，亲身感受垃圾给环境造成的危害；组织更多的环保志愿者到社区，进行垃圾分类的宣传、出版垃圾分类系列广告宣传画、举办垃圾分类展览；通过中小学教育，让孩子带动家庭；组织媒体对垃圾分类做得好的`单位、社区进行跟踪报道，并对垃圾分类做得好的家庭和个人给予宣传和鼓励；同时还可以考虑通过激励机制鼓励市民进行垃圾分类。例如，德国政府就采取向市民赠送垃圾袋等方法，激发和保证人们进行垃圾分类的主动性积极性。
如果每一个人扔垃圾的时候，都能多一点环保意识，那么整个社会就可以少受垃圾的困扰。让我们都行动起来，参与到垃圾分类回收的活动中去吧！
某高校学生旅游目的调查
As is clearly reflected in the above pie chart, the purpose of students travelling abroad demonstrates obvious differences in one college of China. According to the data given, the purpose of enjoying the beautiful landscape takes a comparatively large share, accounting for 37%, while that of relieving pressure also takes away 20% of the whole proportion.
What triggers this phenomenon? It is not difficult to put forward several factors responsible for this phenomenon. To start with, with the rapid economic development of economy, people, including college students, are becoming increasingly wealthy, which enables them to afford the once-deemed- expensive oversea traveling. In order to enjoy the charming landscape all around the world, a large proportion of students choose to travel abroad. What’s more, along with the ever-accelerating improvement of economy and society is also the ever-increasing work and life pressure. Consequently, the purpose of relieving pressure ranks the second among all the purposes for folks to travel around the world.
In view of the arguments above, we can conclude that the current phenomenon is of no surprise. And therefore, it can be predicted that admiring the scenery and alleviating pressure will still be the main purpose for people to arrange a traveling to other countries.
作文解析
今年英语二作文的题目比较好写，因为标题和图示非常清晰明白。图表显示了某高校学生旅游目的调查, 考生分析原因的话也会很简单。下面分三段简要地说一下这三段应该怎么写。
第一段主要是描述图表。图表一目了然，数量词百分比也是大家熟悉的词汇，表述数据时，图中有四五组数据，由于字数的限制以及为了写作的便利可以突出较大比例的“欣赏风景”和“缓解压力”，注意引入百分比的表达方式。
第二段给出你的评论，主要写这种情况的原因。主要要结合图表描述的内容从两个方面写起。一方面为什么为了欣赏风景而旅行的目的占37%， 另一方面为什么缓解压力会占到33%比例。
最后结尾段落可简要得出结论，这种现象并不奇怪，还将继续下去。
Suppose you won a translation contest and your friend Jack wrote an email to congratulate you, and ask advice on translation. Write him a reply to
1)thank him;
2)give your advice.
You should write neatly on the ANWSER SHEET. Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter, use “Li Ming ” instead. Do not write the address .(10 point)
下面我们来详细解读下今年的小作文，首先看一下题目要求：
称呼： Dear Jack注意称呼中，后面的逗号不可丢，也不能写成冒号。
正文：建议大家三步走策略――简洁、直接、明了：写作目的、写作是由、重申目的。
第一段：写作内容需涵盖两点：写信目的，表明感谢来自朋友的祝贺;可以采用这样的表达方式：I’m writing to express my gratitude for your congratulation on my success in the translation contest.
第二段： 写作内容应以建议为主体。在这个过程中可以把日常我们如何提高的方式写进正文，如讲究学习方式、注重坚持、多多接触外文文化及语境。那本篇老师主要从前两个方面进行论述，表达如下：As regard to my experience, I would like to offer you some proposals in this part. At the top of list is the persistence due to the fact that you could deserve the position after days or years of efforts that you have had in the field. What’s more, you are supposed to pay more attention to the way in which you finish your major, for it plays a significant role in the process.
第三段：再次强调重申写信目的，如Thanks again and I do hope that my suggestions can be in favor of your future study.
落款： Yours sincerely, 特别提醒sincerely后面逗号不能丢;签名： Li Ming特别注意 Ming 后面一定不能出现句点。
整体成文如下：
Dear Jack,
I’m writing to express my gratitude for your congratulation on my success in the translation contest.
As regard to my experience, I would like to offer you some proposals in this part. At the top of list is the persistence due to the fact that you could deserve the position after days or years of efforts that you have had in the field. What’s more, you are supposed to pay more attention to the way in which you finish your major, for it plays a significant role in the process.
Thanks again and I do hope that my suggestions can be in favor of your future study.
Sincerely yours,
Li Ming
1.考研英语经典作文话题汇总
考研英语作文必背范文例文
Direction：
Study the following pictures carefully and write and write an essay about 200 words based on the following：
The set of drawings above vividly depicts the destiny of a flower in different circumstances. As is shown in the first cartoon， the flower is placed in a comfortable greenhouse which shelters it from the threatening lightening and storm. With proper temperature， moisture and fertilizer， the flower is growing in full bloom. On the contrary， when removed from the greenhouse and exposed to the driving rain， the flower soon fades and withers（枯萎）， with the petals cast about on the grounds.
Accordingly， it is vital for us to derive positive implication from these thought-provoking drawings. On the one hand， we can frequently use them to enlighten the youth to more independent in life. On the other hand， parents should be sensible enough to give their children more freedom to deal with troubles and problems. Only by undergoing more challenges and toils in adversity can young people cultivate strong personality and ability， and only in this way can they become winners in this competitive world.
In todays society, slogans advocating environmental protection such as _protecting the environment, everyone has a responsibility_ can be seen everywhere in parks, scenic spots, and schools. But upon careful consideration, how many people can truly achieve it?
The magical beauty of nature is well-known to all. However, as we marvel at its incredible craftsmanship, we must also deeply understand that green is the messenger of life and the cradle of human civilization. If the Earth loses its green color, humanity will have no place to stand. Contrary to our wishes, human desires are endless, and due to their ignorance, a disaster silently struck Mother Earth, leaving her devastated. However, humans still do not repent.
On the green belt of the community, looking around, it has become a _white_ zone, with various plastic bags and bottles scattered on it. Some homeowners even throw a large bag of garbage directly on it because the garbage bin is too far away, and a foul odor can still be smelled from afar.
Arriving at the public restroom, the faucet was dripping with water, but the perpetrator had already disappeared; The electric light is on all day long, but no one comes to visit; Rolls of pristine white toilet paper were scattered all over the ground
Moving on to the news: Due to excessive burning of chemical fuels by humans, the global greenhouse effect is intensifying, the Antarctic ice sheet is melting significantly, and polar animals are also struggling to escape fate. The sea level in a certain area has even risen by a certain amount.
Some students may know that there is a Lop Nur on the edge of the Taklamakan Desert, which is a desirable oasis with fresh air all year round. The environment surrounded by greenery and sheltered by forests has reignited hope for life among the very few people living there. Unexpectedly, this pure land with a history of hundreds or even thousands of years has been destroyed by some ignorant people! The fire of hope has been extinguished, and the number of deaths is increasing. Also, due to some bodies not being properly disposed of, the air pollution in the forest is becoming more and more serious. Trees are falling day by day, and people can vaguely feel the pain of Lop Nur through the sun shining on the scorched land. They are reminiscing, reminiscing about the past when cattle and sheep were full of circles, with green mountains and clear waters; They are sighing, sighing at the thousands of miles of yellow sand and withered trees and branches today; They are yearning, yearning for the source of life, the root of life.
Human beings, wake up and stop being stubborn! Look at how dilapidated this world is! Lets save our Mother Earth together! The action of maintaining ecological balance and rebuilding green homes is urgent. Lets take action, starting from ourselves, starting from small things around us, planting more trees and logging less, avoiding soil erosion, eliminating white pollution, and reducing sewage discharge. We believe that one day, the scene of high mountains and clear waters, with thousands of birds singing together, will surely reappear!
当今社会中，无论在哪，公园、景区、学校随处都能见到“保护环境，人人有责”这类提倡环保的标语。但细思，真正能做到的，又有多少人呢？
大自然的神奇秀丽，人尽皆知。但是，在我们为它的鬼斧神工所啧啧称奇时，也必须深知，绿色是生命的信使，是人类文明的摇篮。如果地球失去了绿色，人类将再无立足之地。事与愿违，人类的欲望是无穷尽的，更由于他们的无知，一场灾厄悄无声息地扑向了地球母亲，这使她满目疮痍，可人类仍不知悔改。
小区的绿化带上，放眼望去，它已然成为一块“白”化带，各种塑料袋塑料瓶撒落在上面，甚至有的业主因垃圾桶太远，将一大袋垃圾直接扔在上面，远远地还能闻到一股恶臭。
来到公共洗手间，水龙头滋滋地流着水，但“作案者”早已不知去向；电灯一天到晚都亮着，但却无人光顾；一卷卷洁白的手纸也散乱一地
再将目光移到新闻上：由于人类过度焚烧化学燃料，全球温室效应加剧，南极冰盖大幅度融化，极地动物也难逃厄运，某地海平面甚至上升了多少多少。
有的同学可能知道，在塔克拉玛干沙漠边缘有个罗布泊，那是一个令人向往、一年四季空气清新的.绿洲。绿荫环绕、丛林掩蔽的环境让在那里生活着的极少数的人重新燃起了对生活的希望。可万万想不到，这一方长达几百年甚至几千年历史的净土，竟被一些愚昧至极的人所毁灭！希望之火被扑灭了，死亡人数越来越多，也因为一些尸体未得到妥善处置，森林的空气污染越来越严重，树木一天一天地接连倒下透过罗布泊烤焦地皮的阳光，人们依稀可以感受到罗布泊的痛。他们在怀念，怀念昔日的牛羊满圈，绿水青山；他们在叹息，叹息如今的万里黄沙，枯树残枝；他们在渴望，渴望生命本源，生命之根。
人类啊，醒醒吧，别再执迷不悟了！看看这个世界已经多么残破不堪了！让我们一起来拯救我们的地球母亲吧！维护生态平衡，重建绿色家园的行动刻不容缓。让我们行动起来，从自己做起，从身边的小事做起，多植树，少伐木，避免水土流失，杜绝白色污染，减少污水排放。我们相信，总有一天，山高水清，万鸟齐鸣的景象必定重现！
在考研英语备考中，无论是英语一还是英语二，写作这一题型都是第二大高分题型，是各位考生务必要重视并且要答好的一个题型。考研英语的写作分为小作文(即应用文写作)和大作文(即短文写作)两部分进行考查。小作文部分的评分标准是语言准确、格式正确、语域恰当、信息完整，大作文部分的评分标准是语言准确、内容完整、组织连贯、语言多样，只要考生们的写作内容达到这些评分标准的要求，就能够得高分。就应用文写作而言，比较难达到的标准是信息完整，因为每一种应用文中理论上应该包含的信息要点都是不尽相同的，而短文写作部分比较难做到的是语言多样这一标准，因为它要求考生们在词汇上要能够用不同的词来进行替换表达，在语法上要求写出句式结构丰富且复杂的句子。两者的评分标准横向比较来看，小作文部分只要求语言准确，大作文部分不仅要求语言准确，还要求语言丰富优美。因此从这一角度来看，大作文部分得高分更难，而小作文相对而言就容易把握得多，因为格式和语域都是固定的东西，写作时稍加注意即可，而且小作文的内容多与大学生生活相关，根据我们的日常交际习惯，基本就能够总结出应用文中所涉及到的信息要点。总体而言，大家若想在写作上取得高分，首先要能够保证小作文部分少失分或不失分。
那么如何才能做到这一点呢?这就需要考生们在小作文备考中能够抓住主要矛盾，即优先掌握其中重点考查的应用文种类。纵观英语一20xx年到20xx年以及英语二20xx年到20xx年的小作文考查情况，可以发现其中重点考查的是书信类应用文的写作，而考过的11种书信中，考查次数最多的就是建议信，因此想要搞定小作文，首要的就是学会写建议信。
英语一小作文中分别在20xx年、20xx年、20xx年和20xx年考查了建议信，而英语二小作文也在20xx年和20xx年考查过建议信。从考查的书信种类数量来看，这里有只考查建议信的，比如英语一的这四年真题，也有将其他书信和建议信结合起来进行考查的，比如英语二的这两年真题。从写作内容来看，这里有针对存在的问题提建议的，比如20xx年真题要求就提高学校图书馆的服务水平提建议，20xx年真题要求就白色污染问题提建议并发表自己的观点，20xx年真题要求就改善学生的身体素质提建议;此外还有对方并不存在任何问题，提建议只是为了使对方更好的情况，比如20xx年真题要求就外国留学生的校园生活提建议，并要求表达自己的欢迎。这些建议信所包含的信息要点有相关性，但并不完全一样，写作时就需要各位考生注意到。
Text 2
For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside” alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.
A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save “the beauty of natural places for everyone forever.” It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience “a refreshing air.” Hill’s pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it. It needs constant guardianship.
At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives’ planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing “off-plan” building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Consecutive parties.
The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London are alone, with no intrusion on green bet. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.
The idea that “housing crisis” equals “concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?
Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowded country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative—the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.
’s public sentiment about the countryside
[A] didn’t start till the Shakespearean age.
[B] has brought much benefit to the NHS.
[C] is fully backed by the royal family.
[D] is not well reflected in politics.
to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now be
[A] gradually destroyed.
[B] effectively reinforced.
[C] largely overshadowed.
[D] properly protected.
of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?
[A] Labour is under attack for opposing development.
[B] The Conservatives may abandon “off-plan” building.
[C] The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.
[D] Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.
author holds that George Osborne’s preference
[A] highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.
[B] shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.
[C] stresses the necessity f easing the housing crisis.
[D] reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.
the last paragraph, the author shows his appreciation of\\
[A] the size of population in Britain.
[B] the political life in today’s Britain.
[C] the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.
[D] the town-and-country planning in Britain.
Text 3
“There is one and only one social responsibility of businesses,” Wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, “That is,to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profit”. But even if you accept Firedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as waste of shareholders’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggest the CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.
The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR,according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.
Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.
The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms’ political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.
In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for briding foreign officials,” says one researcher.
Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.
31. The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with
[A] tolerance
[B] skepticism
[C] uncertainty
[D] approval
to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company by
[A] winning trust from consumers.
[B] guarding it against malpractices.
[C] protecting it from being defamed.
[D] raising the quality of its products.
33. The expression “more lenient” (Line 2, Para. 4) is closest in meaning to
[A] more effective
[B] less controversial
[C] less severe
[D] more lasting
prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR record
[A] has an impact on their decision.
[B] comes across as reliable evidence.
[C] increases the chance of being penalized.
[D] constitutes part of the investigation.
of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?
[A] Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.
[B] The necessary amount of companies’ spending on it is unknown.
[C] Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated.
[D] It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.
Dear John,
I am Li Ming who will go to study in your university and live together with you in one department. Now I am writing this letter to tell you some of my habits and ask you for some suggestions to adapt myself there.
To begin with, I usually get up early in the morning at six o’clock and then go out to do some exercise. To continue, I would like to spend my spare time in reading in the library. Meanwhile, I wonder if you could be so kind to offer me some proposals on how to get used to the life there.
I am looking forward to seeing you soon and wish everything goes well.
It has been said, “Not every thing that is learned is contained in books.” Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?
“Experience is the best teacher” is an old cliché, but I agree with it. The most important, and sometimes the hardest, lessons we learn in life come from our participation in situations. You can’ learn everything from a book.
Of course, learning from books in a formal educational setting is also valuable. It’s in schools that we learn the information we need to function in our society. We learn how to speak and write and understand mathematical equations. This is all information that we need to live in our communities and earn a living.
Nevertheless, I think that the most important lessons can’t be taught; they have to be experienced. No one can teach us how to get along with others or how to have self-respect. As we grow from children into teenagers, no one can teach us how to deal with peer pressure. As we leave adolescence behind and enter adult life, no one can teach us how to fall in love and get married.
This shouldn’t stop us from looking for guidelines along the way. Teachers and parents are valuable sources of advice when we’re young. As we enter into new stages in our lives, the advice we receive from them is very helpful because they have already bad similar experiences. But experiencing our own triumphs and disasters is really the only way to learn how to deal with life.
有人说：“不是所有学到的东西都包含在书中。”将从经验中获得的知识与从书中获得的信息进行比较和对比。在你看来，哪个来源更重要？为什么？
“经验是最好的老师”是一句老生常谈，但我同意这句话。我们在生活中学到的最重要、有时也是最难的教训来自于我们对各种情况的参与。你可以从书中学到一切。
当然，在正规的教育环境中从书本上学习也很有价值。正是在学校里，我们学到了在社会中发挥作用所需的信息。我们学习如何说、写和理解数学方程式。这些都是我们在社区生活和谋生所需的信息。
尽管如此，我认为最重要的课程是无法教授的；他们必须有经验。没有人能教我们如何与他人相处或如何自尊。当我们从儿童成长为青少年时，没有人能教我们如何应对同龄人的`压力。当我们离开青春期，进入成年生活时，没有人能教我们如何恋爱和结婚。
这不应该阻止我们一路寻找指导方针。当我们年轻的时候，老师和家长是宝贵的建议来源。当我们进入人生的新阶段时，我们从他们那里得到的建议非常有帮助，因为他们已经有过糟糕的类似经历。但是，经历我们自己的胜利和灾难确实是学习如何应对生活的唯一途径。
20xx考研初试将至，英语作文也是考生最后冲刺复习的重点之一。那么，考研英语作文都是怎么评分的呢，啥样的作文值多少分呢?下面为大家介绍6种不同分值的“样板作文”，以供大家参考。 20分样板作文——“…… 20xx考研初试将至，英语作文也是考生最后冲刺复习的重点之一。那么，考研英语作文都是怎么评分的呢，啥样的作文值多少分呢?下面为大家介绍6种不同分值的“样板作文”，以供大家参考。
20分样板作文——“内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点，文章通顺，言之有物，语言流畅，句式变化多，用语面宽。虽有个别不妥之处，但是该生基本功较好，表达能力较强，文章的长度符合要求”。
16分样板作文——“内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点，言之有物，表达基本清楚，文字连贯，句式变化较多，结构和用词有少量的一般性错误，文章的长度符合要求”。
12分样板作文——“内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点，表达基本清楚，但结构和用词错误较多，有少数是严重错误，文章的长度符合要求”。这里的“严重错误”一般指的是搭配关系出错，比如“start on”被错写成“start with”。
8分样板作文——“内容切题，包括提纲中所列的要点，表达尚可理解，但结构和用词错误多，有些是严重错误。文章的长度基本符合要求”。比如要求写200个字，只写了190字，就叫做“长度基本符合要求”。
4分样板作文——“短文和题意勉强有关，但条理不清，篇章结构不完整，语句错误多，且多为严重错误——词不达意”。
2分样板作文——“条理不清，词不达意;语句错误都为严惩错误，字数不足”。
在正式样阅卷的时候，阅卷老师用这些“样板作文”当作评分的参照。比如，老师审阅了你的作文，然后和“样板作文”进行对照，感觉你的作文基本相当于8分的样板作文，但是又觉得好像比8分的样板作文好一点，那最后就给你9分。如果觉得比8分的样板作文差一点，那最后就给7分，只是有这样一个上下的浮动。
有了这些“样板作文”，向高分作文努力也有就有了标准，考试结束后估分也有了尺度，以免出现估分高，实际却很低而有心里上的落差。最后不到一周了，希望大家不要紧张，调整好状态，祝大家考研顺利!
_When people succeed, it is because of hard work, Luck has nothing to do with success._ Do you agree or disagree with the quotation above? Use specific and examples to explain your position.
When people succeed, it is because of hard work, but luck has a lot to do with it,too. Success without some luck is almost impossible. The French emperor Napoleon said of one of his generals, “I know he’s good. But is he lucky?” Napoleon knew that all the hard work and talent in the world can’t make up for bad luck. However, hard work can invite good luck.
When it comes to success, luck can mean being in the right place to meet someone, or having the right skills to get a job done. It might mean turning down an offer and then having a better offer come along. Nothing can replace hard work, but working hard also means you’re preparing yourself opportunity. Opportunity very often depends on luck.
How many of the great inventions and discoveries came about through a lucky mistake or a lucky chance? One of the biggest lucky mistakes in history is Columbus’ so-called discovery of America. He enriched his sponsors and changed history, but he was really looking for India. However, Columbus’ chance discovery wasn’t pure luck. It was backed up by years of studying and calculating. He worked hard to prove his theory that the world was round.
Success that comes from pure luck and no hard work can be a real problem. For example, consider a teenage girl who becomes a movie star.
Imagine she’s been picked from nowhere because of her looks. She is going to feel very insecure, because she knows she didn’t do anything to earn her stardom. On the other hand, think about an actress who’s spend years learning and working at her craft. When she finally has good luck and becomes a success, she will handle stardom better, she knows she earns it.
People who work hard help make their own luck by being ready opportunity knocks. When it comes to success. I think that hard work and luck so hand in hand.
“人之所以成功，是因为努力，运气与成功无关。”你同意还是不同意上面的说法？用具体的例子来解释你的立场。
当人们成功的时候，是因为努力，但运气也与之有很大关系。没有运气几乎不可能成功。法国皇帝拿破仑谈到他的一位将军时说：“我知道他很好。但他幸运吗？”拿破仑知道世界上所有的辛勤工作和天赋都无法弥补厄运。然而，努力工作可以带来好运。
当谈到成功时，运气可能意味着在正确的.地方遇到某人，或者拥有完成工作的正确技能。这可能意味着拒绝一个报价，然后有更好的报价出现。没有什么能取代努力工作，但努力工作也意味着你在为自己的机会做准备。机会往往取决于运气。
有多少伟大的发明和发现是由于一个幸运的错误或偶然的机会而产生的？历史上最大的幸运错误之一是哥伦布所谓的美洲发现。他丰富了赞助商，改变了历史，但他真的在寻找印度。然而，哥伦布的偶然发现并非纯粹的运气。它得到了多年研究和计算的支持。他努力证明他的理论，即世界是圆的。
纯粹靠运气而不努力的成功可能是一个真正的问题。例如，考虑一个十几岁的女孩成为电影明星。
想象一下，她因为长相而被不知从哪里挑选出来。她会感到非常没有安全感，因为她知道自己没有做任何事情来获得明星地位。另一方面，想想一个女演员，她花了多年的时间学习和工作她的技艺。当她终于有了好运并取得成功时，她会更好地应对明星的身份，她知道这是她应得的。
努力工作的人通过做好机会敲门的准备来帮助自己获得好运。说到成功。我认为努力工作和运气是相辅相成的。
This is a tremendously interesting and thought－provoking picture. From the left picture, it describes a young mother holding a little girl’s hand. However, when you look at the right part of the drawing, you will see another picture which stands in marked contrast to the right part: an adult female supporting an old mother’s with her hand. As is vividly shown by the picture, the issue of the aging population in China has become a major concern around our society, which is increasingly serious.
The picture is attempting to convey a thought-provoking message.
Filial piety has been advocated as a traditional Chinese virtue throughout history. In the first place, every step of a child’s growth, from birth to death, bears so much time and energy of the parents and above all, their unselfish love. So our parents rightly deserve our reward—love, respect, care and support. Whatis more, family relationship is very much like a mirror. If you smile upon it, it will smile back upon you. By treating our parents kindly, we will set an example for our sons and daughters and gain their respect and love in return.
In a word, it is our innate obligation to be filial to our parents.
这是一幅非常有趣和发人深省的图画。从左图中，描述了一位年轻的母亲牵着一个小女孩的手。然而，当你看这幅画的右边时，你会看到另一张与右边形成鲜明对比的照片：一位成年女性用手支撑着一位老母亲的手。如图所示，中国的人口老龄化问题已经成为我们社会关注的.一个主要问题，并且日益严重。
这张照片试图传达一个发人深省的信息。
孝道历来被视为中国的传统美德。首先，孩子成长的每一步，从出生到死亡，都承载着父母如此多的时间和精力，尤其是他们无私的爱。因此，我们的父母理应得到我们的回报——爱、尊重、关心和支持。更重要的是，家庭关系就像一面镜子。如果你对它微笑，它也会对你微笑。通过善待父母，我们将为我们的儿女树立榜样，并获得他们的尊重和爱。
总之，孝顺父母是我们与生俱来的义务。
A person you know is planning to move to your town or city .What do you think this person would like and dislike about living in your town or city? Why? Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay.
A friend of mine from college is moving to my city, so I have been thinking about what she would and wouldnt like about it, I’d say the quality of life here, as far as fun and activities are concerned, is very good. The quality of life isnt very good, though, in other important ways.
Living in a lager city is exciting, but you pay a price for it. There are lots of interesting things to do, and good restaurants with food from around the world. There are museums, art galleries, and lots of movie theaters. However. the crime rate is high, and people have to be careful about where they go at night. Theres a lot of traffic most of the time, and finding a parking space can be a problem. There are also a lot of people living here. Sometimes it feels too crowded.
In a big city like mine, housing is very expensive. If costs a lot even if youre just renting an efficiency apartment. The good side is that theres a lot of choice about where you want to live and how you want to live. You can find apartment of all sizes in different settings. Houses of equal variety are available for sale or rent.
If my friend likes the great outdoors, she might be disappointed. Unfortunately, my city doesnt have a lot of wide open green spaces, and there arent a lot of trees on the streets. Were not near the ocean, and the mountains are a days drive from here. Still, we do have some natural areas. For example, we have a beautiful big park. It even has a lake in the middle thats used for ice skating in the winter. There’s a different kind of beauty in the city.
Thinking about it, I suppose whether my friend likes my city will depend on whether or not she likes exciting places. I hope she likes a lot of variety as far as housing and activities are concerned. If she does, then this is the place for her.
你认识的人正计划搬到你的城镇。你认为这个人喜欢和不喜欢在你的城镇生活什么？为什么？使用具体的理由和细节来发展你的文章。
我的一个大学朋友要搬到我的城市，所以我一直在想她会喜欢什么，不喜欢什么，我想说这里的生活质量，就乐趣和活动而言，非常好。然而，在其他重要方面，生活质量不是很好。
住在啤酒城是令人兴奋的，但你要为此付出代价。这里有很多有趣的'事情要做，还有供应世界各地美食的好餐馆。这里有博物馆、美术馆和许多电影院。然而犯罪率很高，人们必须小心晚上去哪里。大多数时候车流量很大，找停车位可能是个问题。还有很多人住在这里。有时感觉太拥挤了。
在像我这样的大城市，住房非常昂贵。即使你只是租了一套高效的公寓，如果要花很多钱。好的一面是，关于你想住在哪里和如何生活，有很多选择。你可以在不同的环境中找到各种大小的公寓。种类相同的房子可供出售或出租。
如果我的朋友喜欢户外活动，她可能会失望。不幸的是，我所在的城市没有太多开阔的绿地，街道上也没有很多树。我们不在海边，从这里开车只需一天就可以到达山区。尽管如此，我们确实有一些自然区域。例如，我们有一个美丽的大公园。它甚至在中间有一个湖，冬天用来滑冰。这个城市有一种不同的美。
仔细想想，我想我的朋友是否喜欢我的城市将取决于她是否喜欢令人兴奋的地方。我希望她喜欢各种各样的住房和活动。如果她这样做了，那么这就是适合她的地方。
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