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应牢记知识点
1、追根溯源,绝大多数活细胞所需能量的最终源头是太阳光能.
2、将光能转换成细胞能利用的化学能的是光合作用.
3、叶绿体中的色素及吸收光谱
⑴、叶绿素(含量约占3/4)
①、叶绿素a——蓝绿色——主要吸收蓝紫光和红光
②、叶绿素b——黄绿色——主要吸收蓝紫光和红光
⑵、类胡萝卜素(含量约占1/4)
①、胡萝卜素——橙_—主要吸收蓝紫光
②、叶黄素——_—主要吸收蓝紫光
4、叶绿体中色素的提取和分离
⑴、提取方法：丙_溶剂.
⑵、碳酸钙的作用：防止研磨过程中破坏色素.
⑶、二氧化硅作用：使研磨更充分.
⑷、分离方法：纸层析法
⑸、层析液：20份石油醚：2份酒精：1份丙_合
⑹、层析结果：从上到下——胡黄ab
⑺、滤液细线要求：细、均匀、直
⑻、层析要求：层析液不能没及滤液细线.
5、叶绿体中光和色素的分布——叶绿体类囊体薄膜上
6、光合作用场所——叶绿体
叶绿体是光合作用的场所;
叶绿体基粒类囊体膜上,分布着与光化作用有关的色素和酶.
7、光合作用概念：
是指绿色植物通过叶绿体,利用光能,把二氧化碳和水转化成储存能量的有机物,并且释放出氧气的过程.
8、光合作用反应式：
CO2+H2O——→(CH2O)+O2
叶绿体
6CO2+12H2O——→C6H12O6+6H2O+6O2
9、1771年,英国科学家普利斯特利(—1804)实验证实：植物能更新空气.
10、荷兰科学家英格豪斯(–housz)发现：只有在阳光照射下,只有绿叶才能更新空气.
11、1785年明确了：绿叶在光下吸收二氧化碳,释放氧气.
12、1845年,各国科学家梅耶()指出：植物进行光合作用时,把光能转换成化学能储存起来.
13、1864年,德国科学家萨克斯(——1897)实验证明：光合作用产生淀粉.
⑴、饥饿处理——将绿叶置于暗处数小时,耗尽其营养.
⑵、遮光处理——绿叶一半遮光,一半不遮光.
⑶、光照数小时——将绿叶放在光下,使之能进行光合作用.
⑷、碘蒸汽处理——遮光的一半无颜色变化,暴光的一侧边蓝绿色.
14、1939年,美国科学家鲁宾()卡门()同位素标记法实验证明：光合作用释放的
氧气来自水.
⑴、同位素标记法三要点：
①、用途：指用放射性同位素追踪物质的运行和变化规律.
②、方法：放射性同位素能发出射线,可以用仪器检测到.
③、特点：放射性同位素标记的化合物化学性质不改变,不影响细胞的代谢.
⑵、用18O标记H2O和CO2,得到H218O和C18O2.
⑶、将植物分成两组,一组提供H218O,另一组提供C18O2.
⑷、在其他条件都相同的情况下,分别检测植物释放的O2.
⑸、结果,只有提供H218O时,植物释放出18O2.
15、卡尔文循环——卡尔文(——)实验
⑴、用14C标记CO2得14CO2
⑵、向小球藻提供14CO2,追踪光和作用过程中C的运动途径.
14CO2—→14C3—→14C6H12O6
⑶、结论：
16、光合作用过程
⑴、光合作用包括：光反应、暗反应两个阶段.
⑵、光反应：
①、特点：指光合作用第一阶段,必须有光才能进行.
②、主要反应：色素分子吸收光能;分解水,产生[H]和氧气;生成ATP.
③、场所：叶绿体基粒囊状膜上.
④、能量变化：光能转变成ATP中活跃化学能.
⑶、暗反应
①、特点：指光合作用第二阶段,有光无光都能进行.
②、主要反应：固定二氧化碳生成三碳化合物;[H]做还原剂,ATP提供能量,
还原三碳化合物,生成有机物和水.
③、场所：叶绿体基质中.
④、能量变化：活跃化学能转变成有机物中稳定化学能.
⑷、过程图(P-103图5-15)
made in china was once the presentation of low price and bad quality. inwestern movies, when people saw the label of made in china, they would look downupon the products, or just made fun of these products.
but now, chinese productsastonish foreigners by good quality and low price, and many of them are willingto spend money on the products that labelled with made in china. chen guangximade a speech in the new york university about the changes of made in china. hesaid when he started his business and sought cooperation with , they refused, because they feared chinese quality.
now hisbusiness is successful and many foreigners are willing to do business with great change shows the rise of china. in the future, more chinese productswill be admitted in the world.
高一必修一英语必考作文
Beijing is an ancient city with a long history. Back in 3000 years ago in Zhou dynasty, Beijing, which was called Ji at the moment, had been named capital of Yan. Thereafter, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasty all made Beijing their capital. Therefore, Beijing was famous for “Capital of a thousand years”.
The long history leaves Beijing precious cultural treasure. Winding for several kilometers in Beijing area, the Great Wall is the only man-made structure that could been seen in the space. The Summer Palace is a classic composition of ancient royal gardens, and the Forbidden City is the largest royal palaces in the world. Tiantan is where the emperor used to fete their ancestors, and also the soul of Chinese ancient constructions. The four sites above has been confirmed world cultural heritage by UNESCO. However, the best representatives for Beijing are the vanishing Hutongs and square courtyards. Through hundreds of years, they have become symbol of Beijing's life. Tian'anmen square being still brilliant today with cloverleaf junctions and skyscrapers everywhere, the old-timey scene and modern culture are combined to present a brand new visage of Beijing.
As Beijing has been confirmed home city of Olympics 20xx, the spirit of “green Olympics, scientific Olympics and humanized Olympic” will surely bring more and more changes to Beijing, promote the development of sports and Olympics in China as well as in the world, and strengthen the friendly communications between Chinese and foreign people.
The Qingming (Pure Brightness) Festival is one of the 24 seasonal division points in China, falling on April 4-6 each year. After the festival, the temperature will rise up and rainfall increases. It is the high time for spring plowing and sowing. But the Qingming Festival is not only a seasonal point to guide farm work, it is more a festival of commemoration.
The Qingming Festival sees a combination of sadness and happiness.
This is the most important day of sacrifice. Both the Han and minority ethnic groups at this time offer sacrifices to their ancestors and sweep the tombs of the diseased. Also, they will not cook on this day and only cold food is served.
The Hanshi (Cold Food) Festival was usually one day before the Qingming Festival. As our ancestors often extended the day to the Qingming, they were later combined.
On each Qingming Festival, all cemeteries are crowded with people who came to sweep tombs and offer sacrifices. Traffic on the way to the cemeteries becomes extremely jammed. The customs have been greatly simplified today. After slightly sweeping the tombs, people offer food, flowers and favorites of the dead, then burn incense and paper money and bow before the memorial tablet.
recently, students in our class have had a discussion on whether space is worth exploring.
30% of us think space exploration is not worthwhile. they think space is too far away from us and our daily life. and the money spent on space exploration can be used to solve the earthsquo;s problems such as starvation and pollution.
on the other hand, 70% think space is worth exploring because we have benefited a lot from it, such as using satellites for communication and weather forecast. whatsquo;s more, with further space research, we may solve the population problem by moving to other planets one day. also, space research will enable us to find new sources to solve the problem of energy shortages on the earth.
1.高一英语必修三作文
2.高中英语作文三篇带翻译
3.高中英语作文未来的学校范文3篇
4.高中英语短语作文范文
happy day英语作文3篇
hello, dear friends! welcome to my village. its big and beautiful! i like it very much. look! there are many houses in the village. they are small. there are many high and beautiful mountains near the houses. there is a big forest behind the houses. there are many big trees in it. there are many rivers in front of the houses.
the water is clean. there are many fish in the rivers. there are many bridges over the rivers. there are many big trees on the river banks. and there is grass and flowers on it. the grass is green. the flowers are colourful and beautiful. there is a lake in the village. there are many ducks in the lake. the sky is blue. the rivers flow. the air is fresh and clean. my village is very beautiful!i like it very much!
owadays, pets become so close and friendly to our human-beings that more and more people enjoy keeping them. Pets can bring them a lot of joys and happiness, because playing with pets is a good way to communicate with the nature. Besides, pets can comfort old people who live alone. With the companion of pets, they won’t feel lonely. Nevertheless, I’m not interested in keeping pets at all. For one thing, keeping pets is bad for environmental protection, since pets usually make a lot of noise and contaminate the roads. For another, the virus carried by pets may cause fatal disease. What’s more, sometimes pets may attack people when they are unhappy. Consequently, we had better not keep too many pets, so as to ensure our health and security. Besides, those pet lovers must take some effective measures to prevent their pets from hurting people and polluting our environment.
如今，宠物跟人类的关系都很亲密和友好，越来越多的人也喜欢养宠物。宠物可以给他们带来很多快乐和幸福，因为和宠物玩耍是一种与大自然交流的好方法。此外，宠物可以安慰独居老人。有宠物的陪伴，他们不会感到孤独。然而，我对养宠物一点也不感兴趣。一方面，养宠物不利于环境保护，因为宠物通常会制造很多噪音，污染道路。另一方面，宠物携带的病毒可能会导致致命的疾病。更重要的是，有时宠物心情不好的时候可能会攻击人类。因此，我们最好不要养太多的宠物，确保我们的健康和安全。此外，那些宠物爱好者必须采取一些有效的措施来防止他们的宠物伤害人类和污染我们的环境
英语高一必修二作文范文
there is an old saying that no one is perfect, so everyone will make mistake sometimes, though we want to do best. when we make mistake, we must say sorry to others, for the purpose of showing our regret, so that they will forgive us and continue to keep in touch with us. some people think apologize will lose their faces, so they choose not to say sorry. a wise person will make apologize in a natural way and let the past be past, the good way to apologize can help people feel easy. people can find the chance to apologize when they are having munication, they can make the topic about apologize and then saying that he is sorry about what he have done, so everything will seem easy. apologizing will promote peoples munication and keep their friendship. so dont feel losing face, just admit what you have done wrong.
古代中国经济的基本结构与特点
一、从刀耕火种到铁犁牛耕
1、原始农业的产生：“刀耕火种”、“火耕”
2、距今七八千年前：中国农业进入了“耜耕”或“石器锄耕”时代
3、春秋战国时期：铁犁牛耕，中国古代农业的传统耕作方式形成。
牛耕在春秋末年兴起是我国农业技术农用动力的一次革命，目前发现最早的铁犁具是战国时期的。汉代已在全国范围普遍推广牛耕(二牛抬杠→一牛挽犁)，而且耕犁基本定型。
二、土地私有制的确立
①原始社会：土地属于氏族公社所有，公社成员集体耕种，平均消费。
②奴隶社会(夏商周)：土地归国家所有，实行井田制。
发展过程：盛行(西周)——瓦解(春秋)——废除(战国)。
瓦解原因：春秋时期，铁农具和牛耕的使用(生产力的发展)
③封建社会的土地所有制：
形成：战国时期，废除井田制，以法律形式确立封建土地所有制。
三、小农经济的含义
小农经济是我国封建社会农业生产的基本模式。它在春秋战国时期形成，一直延续到中国近代。它以家庭为生产、生活的基本单位，农民占有少量的生产资料，精耕细作，农业和家庭手工业相结合，自给自足的自然经济。
四、古代中国农业经济的基本特点：
1、自给自足的小农经济，是中国封建社会农业生产的基本模式。以小农户个体经营为主，是古代中国农业经济的基本特点。
2、小农经济以家庭为生产、生活单位，农业和家庭手工业相结合，在没有天灾、战乱和苛政干扰的情况下，“男耕女织”式的小农经济可以使农民勉强自给自足。
3、中国古代的重大文明成就，都是在农业经济发展基础上取得的。
4、但是，小农经济狭小的生产规模和简单的分工，很难扩大再生产，阻碍了社会分工和交换经济的发展，到近代以后，它已经成为阻碍生产发展的因素。
五、官营手工业(“工官”制度)
1.“工官”制度始于夏商周，直到明朝前期为止，一直占据着古代手工业主导地位。
2.定义：从汉武帝时期起，酿酒、煮盐、冶铁、铸钱、炼铜等最有利可图的行业，都由政府垄断。由工官负责生产军用的兵器和装备，皇族的生活用品。
3.特点：⑴官办手工业代表了当时手工业技术水平的顶峰;
⑵局限于为帝王贵族服务，产品不流入市场;
⑶行业之间相互隔绝，新技术难以推广;
⑷技术工艺的传承也是封闭性的，往往导致失传;
⑸匠户没有人身自由，他们的劳动创造性自然也受到严重束缚。
As is encouraged to protecting the environment,Waste sorting is very can save the money and the time for a country to deal with rubbish and it also can enhance the quality of the benefits of waste sorting,China has done something really we can see all kinds of rubbish bin in the street,in the park,in the community and so on.
And waste sorting is now deeply rooted in peoples really appreciate that.
1、第二次工业革命的发生
(1)中心：美国和德国。
(2)第二次工业革命开始的标志：1866年德国西门子发明第一台大功率发电机。
第二次工业革命的特点：(方法：与第一次工业革命进行比较)
第一，科学和技术的紧密结合。第一次工业革命时期，许多技术发明都来源于工匠的实践经验，这些工匠并不具备科学理论知识，因此，这一时期的科学和技术尚未真正结合。
第二，第二次工业革命中，工业化已经发展到以重工业为重点的新阶段。第一次工业革命中，工业化的重点是发展轻工业，主要任务是在以纺织工业为代表的轻工业部门中，用机器代替手工生产，实现了手工工场制度向工厂制的过渡。
第三，第二次工业革命则几乎发生在几个先进的资本主义国家。第一次工业革命首先发生在英国，重要的新机器和新生产方法主要是在英国发明的。
(3)第二次工业革命发生的历史背景
A.政治条件：19世纪下半叶，资本主义生产方式最终在欧美主要国家确立下来，出现了相对稳定的_面，为第二次工业革命提供了前提。
B.资本条件：第一次工业革命后，欧美国家实现了初步的工业化，促进了世界市场的基本形成和国际货币的出现，大量积累的资本为新工业部门的创建和崛起提供了充足的资金。
C.市场条件：资本主义世界市场的基本形成，各国通过革命或改革也进一步拓宽了国内市场。
D.技术条件：科学技术的突破性成果和创新，直接推动了第二次工业革命的兴起。
(4)第二次工业革命的影响：
①促进生产力发展：使人类进入了电气时代和钢铁时代。
②促使产业结构新的变化：
A钢铁工业大发展，导致重工业的比重上升
B大量新兴产业出现：汽车、石油、近代化学工业等
C推动传统产业的技术改造和现代农业产生
③导致资本主义生产关系(生产组织形式)的调整——垄断组织产生：
④对国际格局产生重大影响：
A帝国主义列强掀起瓜分世界的狂潮
B推动资本主义世界市场最终形成,世界走向一体化
一、古代农业耕作方式演变
(1)刀耕火种(原始农业)(2)石器锄耕(耒耜)
(3)铁犁牛耕：春秋出现,汉代后，铁犁牛耕成为传统农业的主要耕作方式。
二、农业的精耕细作
生产工具：春秋战国—铁犁;西汉—耧车(播种工具);隋唐—曲辕犁
耕作方法：春秋战国—垄作法(当时世界上最先进的耕作方法);西汉—代田法
水利工程：都江堰(战国);郑国渠、白渠
灌溉工具：翻车(三国)、筒车(唐朝)、高转筒车(宋朝)、风力水车(明清)
三、男耕女织的小农经济
特点：1、以小农户个体经营为主的农业经营方式，是古代中国农业经济的基本特点。
小农经济以家庭为生产、生活单位，农业和家庭手工业相结合，生产主要是为满足自己基本生活的需要和缴纳赋税，是一种自给自足的自然经济，是中国封建社会农业生产的基本模式。
2、小农经济作为封建王朝财政收入的主要来源，其兴衰荣辱直接关系到封建经济的繁荣和封建_的安危。为此，历代明智的封建统治者都采取重农政策，注意减轻农民负担，扶植小农经济。
3、历代王朝后期封建剥削的加重、灾荒疾疫的发生等，都对小农经济具有毁灭性的冲击。
4、自给自足的自然经济始终在中国封建社会经济中占据统治和主导地位，成为中国封建社会发展缓慢和长期延续重要原因之一。
5、精耕细作。
6、铁犁牛耕。
7、农业与家庭手工业相结合。
地位：小农经济在中国封建经济中占据主导地位，是中国传统农业社会生产的基本模式。
评价：积极①提高农民生产的积极性②为我国农业的精耕细作做出了贡献
消极①小农经济比较脆弱，容易破产②是我国封建社会繁荣的原因，也是中国封建社会发展缓慢和长期延续的重要原因
影响古代中国农业进步的因素有哪些?
(1)古代促进农业进步的因素有：
①统治者的重视和政策上的支持。②生产工具的革新与技术的进步。③社会的稳定，水利事业的兴修，人民的艰辛劳动等。
(2)阻碍农业进步的因素有：
①小农经济经营规模小，生产条件简陋，农业耕作技术难以实现革命性的发展。
②沉重的赋役负担使农民破产或长期离开土地，破坏了正常的经济生活秩序。
③自然灾害的侵袭，社会的不安定，战乱较多，土地兼并严重等。
基因和染色体的关系
第一节减数分裂和受精作用
1.减数分裂
减数分裂的概念：①范围：进行有性生殖的生物，在原始生殖细胞(精原细胞或卵原细胞)发展成为成熟生殖细胞(精子或卵细胞)过程中进行的。②过程：减数分裂过程中染色体复制一次细胞连续分裂两次，③结果：新细胞染色体数减半。
2.精子和卵细胞的形成过程及比较
(1)同源染色体：两条形状和大小一般相同，一条来自父方，一条来自母方的染色体。
(2)联会：同源染色体两两配对的现象。
(3)四分体：复制后的一对同源染色体包含四条姐妹染色单体，这对同源染色体叫四分体。
一对同源染色体=一个四分体=2条染色体=4条染色单体=4个DNA分子。
(4)一个精原细胞减数分裂完成形成四个精子。一个卵原细胞减数分裂完成形成一个卵细胞和三个极体。
3.减数分裂和有丝分裂主要异同点：
4.受精作用的概念、过程及减数分裂和受精作用的意义
意义：减数分裂和受精对于维持每种生物前后代体细胞中染色体数目的恒定，对于遗传和变异很重要特点：
5.识别细胞分裂图形(区分有丝分裂、减数第一次分裂、减数第二次分裂)
(1)、方法(点数目、找同源、看行为)
第1步：如果细胞内染色体数目为奇数，则该细胞为减数第二次分裂某时期的细胞。
第2步：看细胞内有无同源染色体，若无则为减数第二次分裂某时期的细胞分裂图;若有则为减数第一次分裂或有丝分裂某时期的细胞分裂图。
第3步：在有同源染色体的情况下，若有联会、四分体、同源染色体分离，非同源染色体自由组合等行为则为减数第一次分裂某时期的细胞分裂图;若无以上行为，则为有丝分裂的某一时期的细胞分裂图。
6.配子种类问题
由于染色体组合的多样性，使配子也多种多样，根据染色体组合多样性的形成的过程，所以配子的种类可由同源染色体对数决定，即含有n对同源染色体的精(卵)原细胞产生配子的种类为2n种。
7.植物双受精(补充)
被子植物特有的一种受精现象。花粉被传送到雌蕊柱头后，长出花粉管，伸达胚囊，管的先端破裂，放出两精子，其中之一与卵结合，形成受精卵，另一精子与两个极核结合，形成胚乳核;经过一系列的发展过程，前者形成胚，后者形成胚乳，这种双重受精的现象称双受精。
注：其中两个精子的基因型相同，胚珠中极核与卵细胞基因型相同。
例：一株白粒玉米(aa)接受红粒玉米(AA)的花粉，所结的种子的胚细胞、胚乳细胞基因型依次是：Aa、Aaa
dear jack,
i'm glad to have received your e-mail but i am sorry you are having some trouble in making friends. in my opinion, friendship is one of the most important things in everyone's life because without friends we will suffer loneliness. if you would like to take my advice, you'll win real friendship. first, why not communicate with your friend when possible and tell him/her what you think about friends and friendship and let him/her know that you want to make friends with him/her. secondly, you should learn to share your happiness and sorrow with your friends. thirdly, it would be a good idea if you like to invite him/her to join in some activities such as swimming and ball games, which can make you learn to appreciate your friends and cherish your friendship.
i hope you will find these opinions and ideas useful. best wishes! yours,
wu dong
dear parents：
though today is not thanksgiving day， i still want to tell you i love you and thank you for what you've done for me.
i know you are not successful people， but you give me lots of love. i know you love me more than anything else in the world. i know you spend lots of time and money on me. how can i return the love to you? i am deeply touched. sometimes i argue with you and make you angry and sad， but you always smile to never change your love to something worries me，you always make me laugh. you play pingpong with me and tell me funny stories. though i am very busy with my homework， i never feel stressed. i lead a happy life because of your love.
believe me，i will try my best to be a successful person and let you be proud of me in the future. i love you!
lots of love
yours daughter
Dear Declan,
There are several English papers aiming at helping us improve our English , the best of which is Learning English.
Learning English is written according to textbooks , so it is especially fit for us students. Besides, the paper is rich in contents, whose articles include stories, school life, news , foreign cultures, technology, environmental protection and so on. It also provides plenty of necessary exercises for us to strength
en our skills. With the help of the paper , we can greatly broaden our horizons and knowledge.
I have been using the paper since I studied English. It is very popular with us because it can help improve our English.
I am looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
高一必修二必考英语作文4
As we all know, a better result of study can be brought by a better study environment. As a result, it is necessary for us to build the green campus. The green campus can not only provide a good environment for our study, but also be a part of build the harmonious society.
The green campus is not only the environmental being green, but also the sprite being green, which means we should do other things like helping each other or caring each other.
Therefore, we should both beautify the campus environment and create a campus culture.
As students, we enjoy the campus time while we have responsibility to build our green campus. In spiritual term, we should respect teachers, classmates and other people work for the school. In environmental term, we should have good habits to keep campus in a clean surrounding.
高一必修二英语必考作文
随着经济发展和人民生活水平的提高，“垃圾围城”问题日渐突出。每个人每一天都会扔出许多垃圾，但是对于垃圾分类的'情况却少之又少。上周日，我来到附近一个村庄，进行垃圾分类的小调查。
With the development of economy and the improvement of peoples living standard, the problem of “garbage besieged city” has become increasingly prominent. Everyone will throw out a lot of garbage every day, but there are few cases of garbage classification. Last Sunday, I came to a nearby village to do a small survey of garbage classification.
刚走进村里，我就发现这个村有很多卫生死角，背街小巷更是垃圾成堆，垃圾桶周围臭烘烘的。“你们家里的垃圾都是怎么处理的呢？”我随机走访了几户人家，得到的回答都是一样的：“我们把垃圾丢在一起，到时让垃圾车运走。”
As soon as I entered the village, I found that there were many health dead spots in the village. The back streets and alleys were full of garbage, and the garbage cans were stinking. “How do you deal with the garbage in your house?” I visited several families randomly and got the same answer: “lets throw the garbage together and let the garbage truck take it away.”
在我们日常中有许多垃圾，它们来自各个不同的地方，经过不同人的手。许多人把一些可循环利用的东西不管三七二十一就扔进垃圾桶，十分浪费。另外，垃圾堆积在一起破坏我们生存的环境，甚至影响人类身体健康，危害极大……
There are many rubbish in our daily life. They come from different places and pass by different peoples hands. Many people throw some recyclable things into the garbage can no matter what they are, which is very wasteful. In addition, garbage piles up to destroy our living environment, even affect human health, which is very harmful
因此，我觉得各部门可以多去一些公共场所或社区进行宣传和教育，通过举办一些垃圾分类知识竞赛，鼓励大家积极参与，真正重视起来，以便于让人们充分了解垃圾分类的方法和意义。
Therefore, I think each department can go to some public places or communities for publicity and education. Through holding some garbage classification knowledge competitions, we encourage everyone to actively participate in and really attach importance to it, so that people can fully understand the methods and significance of garbage classification.
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