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I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms. Sun Yanlan, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the preparation of the thesis， she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the pletion of this thesis would not have been possible.
I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the thesis.
I should finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been.
1.简短毕业论文致谢词
英文论文提纲范文样本【1】
introduction………………………………………………………………1
common historical background……………………………………1
international………………………………………………………1
national…………………………………………………………1
common beliefs of beats and rockers……………………………2
rebellion against conventions……………………………………2
beats in literature………………………………………………2
rockers in music circles………………………………………3
ideologies in between……………………………………………4
beatniks were fed up with their government about
the explanations of why things happened……………………4
their same destiny……………………………………………4
beat culture and rock culture were not accepted by
both capitalist and socialist ideologies………………………5
belief in oriental religion…………………………………………5
beatniks study on chinese buddhism…………………………6
rockers belief in indian buddhism……………………………6
identical lifestyles………………………………………………6
bohemian…………………………………………………………7
beats…………………………………………………………7
rockers………………………………………………………7
madness…………………………………………………………8
the beats regarded modern american life as cruel, selfish,
and impersonal that writers and artists were being driven
to madness……………………………………………………8
rockers were mad enough to drive rockniks crazy on
rock circus spot………………………………………………9
self-indulgent……………………………………………………9
drugs…………………………………………………………9
homosexual…………………………………………………10
4. the same conduct……………………………………………………10
beats of satan and angles………………………………………10
rockers' conduct of the two sides………………………………11
conclusion………………………………………………………………13
论文提纲格式【2】
1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。
(短篇论文不必列目录)
3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。
字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。
4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。
关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。
每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。
主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。
5、论文正文:
(1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。
英文论文
【一】英文电影听说教学问题与发展趋势
英文原声电影听说教学步骤
(一)准备阶段
1.教师准备。
(1)电影取材。
选取的电影一定要发音地道，不能有很重的口音，要便于学生学习标准的发音。
电影同时要有中英文双字幕，这样可以方便学生积累和记忆词汇。
电影的主题要健康向上，能够深刻揭示人生哲理，可以让学生在学习语言的同时，陶冶情操。
另外，如果电影具有某种时代意义，便于学生了解某个国家的重大历史事件，则更有选取价值。
如美国电影《冷山》(TheColdMountain)就展现了美国内战的历史背景，观看后学生会对这段历史记忆犹新。
而电影的难度虽然不宜过难，以免挫伤学生的学习积极性，但教师亦应把握影片的难度需要比学生掌握的水平稍难，这样才有助于学生的自主学习。
(2)知识准备。
在放映前老师应提前观看电影，并发掘其中的知识点，如俚语、文化信息、宗教内涵和词汇知识等等。
教师应根据学生的水平设置相关问题，并想好放映电影过程中进行学习和讨论的步骤和方法。
2.学生准备。
学生主要是知识准备。
I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor,professor Lu yun, who has offered me constructive guidance for the planning of the thesisand invaluable advice and encouragement for its completion and improvement. She is sucha devoted teacher that though busy in her teaching and research, she never hesitates to offerme timely and spiritual support. She spares no effort to read, comment on and polish mythesis.
Besides, I wish to extend my sincere gratitude to all the teachers in the School ofForeign Languages in Guangxi Teachers Education who have taught me and given meunselfish support during my three postgraduate years. It is my great honor to have knownall those respectable teachers.
Furthermore, I would like to thank my classmates, Mao xiang, Zhu Jingyan, Zou qin,etc. They have helped me and encouraged me a lot in my writing. Without them, mypostgraduate life will lose much happiness.
Finally, I feel indebted to my parents, for their understanding and love in life. I lovethem.
英文论文字体格式
相信很多同学都会接触到英文论文，那么英文论文的文章字体用多大合适呢?字体格式有什么要求?让我们就来给大家简单科普一下吧!
一、论文的题目要求
1、论文题目以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合，并有助于选定关键词和编制目录
2、论文题目不能用缩略词、首字母缩略词、字符、代号和公式等
3、论文题目一般不超过20个字
4、论文题目语义未尽可用副标题补充说明
二、论文摘要的要求
应具有独立性和自含性，是一篇完整的短文，它说明论文的主要思想、结构框架，或研究工作的`目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论
三、论文的关键词
每篇论文必须选中3--5个中、英文关键词，以显著的字符另起一行，排在其对应摘要的左下方，中文关键词尽可能用《汉语主题词表》等词表提到的规范词
四、论文的字体及字号格式
1、英文统一使用Microsoft Word软件中的Times New Roman字体，所用中文使用“宋体”字体
2、内封大标题使用“粗体三号字”，内封其他信息使用“粗体四号字”
3、正文大标题使用“粗体小三号字”，章节标题使用“粗体四号字”
4、正文使用字体为 Times New Roma，大小为12 font(也就是小四)“小四号字”，正文中成段的引文使用“五号字”
5、行距 为 或 2倍 行距，段与段之间需要空一行
6、对齐方式为左对齐 或者 两侧对齐(总之，左起必须顶格)
7、Reference(参考文献)必须另起一页，且不计入文章字数
相关阅读
英文论文范文
Implication of Cultural Differences on International Business Negotiations
Abstract
Business negotiations under different cultural conditions are cultural negotiations. With the development of economic globalization and frequent business contacts, cultural differences have
become very important. If they are neglected, they could cause unnecessary misunderstanding, or even undermine the result of business negations. Therefore, it is of great significance to know different cultures of different countries as well as ways to avoid cultural conflicts in the context of international business negotiations. The paper begins with the definition of culture, analyzes the causes of cultural differences and explains the impact of cultural differences on international business negotiations from three perspectives of communication process, negotiation style and values concept. Finally, it analyzes effective ways to deal with the problem arising from cultural differences in the negotiation process. The paper stresses that in business negotiations between different countries negotiators should accept the other party's culture, try to make him be accepted and make a correct evaluation with help of effective communications. In a word, for successful cultural negotiations, cultural differences need to be perceived, accepted and most importantly played down.
Key words:culture cultural difference business negotiation impact
Contents
1. Cultural difference…….………..……...…………………………...…......4
The definition of culture……………………………………..............….....4
The causes of cultural differences……………………………..………......4
Geographical differences………………………..………………....….....4
Ethnic differences…………………………..………………....................4
Political differences…………………………..………….………….…...4
Economic differences…………………………………..….……….…....4
Religious differences……………………………………..………….......4
The concept of difference…………………………………...……….......5
Importance of international business negotiations on Cultural differences…………………………………………………………….…..5
2. Cultural differences on the impact of international business negotiations…………………………………………………..………...........5
Communication process……………………………...…...……...…....…..5
Negotiating style…………………...…..……..……………...……….…...8
Values………………...…………....….……..…………………….......…..8
Ethics………………………………………..……..………………...…..8
Sense………………………..……………………………..……….…. ...8
Concept of Collective…………………………………………………....8
Concept of time……………………………………………………….....8
3. How to deal with international business negotiations and cultural differences……………………..…………………………………………........9
Business negotiations under different cultural conditions are cultural negotiations. With the development of economic globalization and frequent business contacts, cultural differences have become very important. If they are neglected, they could cause unnecessary misunderstanding, or even undermine the result of business negations. Therefore, it is of great significance to know different cultures of different countries as well as ways to avoid cultural conflicts in the context of international business negotiations. The paper begins with the definition of culture, analyzes the causes of cultural differences and explains the impact of cultural differences on international business negotiations from three perspectives of communication process, negotiation style and values concept. Finally, it analyzes effective ways to deal with the problem arising from cultural differences in the negotiation process. The paper stresses that in business negotiations between different countries negotiators should accept the other partys culture, try to make him be accepted and make a correct evaluation with help of effective communications. In a word, for successful cultural negotiations, cultural differences need to be perceived, accepted and most importantly played down.
Key words: culture cultural difference business negotiation impact
To learn more about the former in the negotiations of the cultural differences that may arise………...…………………..……………….…..9
In the negotiations necessary to correctly handle the cultural differences………………………………………………………………...9
Negotiations to do a good job of follow-up for the exchange of cultural differences…………...…………………………………………......……10
4. References…………………...………….………………………….……....11
Business negotiation in interpersonal relationships as a special form, relate to different geographical, ethnic, social and cultural exchanges and contacts, which have taken place in cross-cultural negotiations. In cross-cultural negotiations, the different geographical, ethnic, cultural differences will affect the thinking of those negotiations, the negotiation style and behavior, thus affecting the entire negotiation process. Therefore, to engage in business activities, especially for the cross-border business activities must understand and master the links between different cultures and differences. Conducting negotiations with the organization, also have to understand that cultural differences impact on the negotiations, only the face of such a positive impact on the desired objectives can be achieved.
1. Cultural differences
the definition of culture
National culture is a country-specific concepts and value systems, which constitute the concept of peoples lives and work behavior. The nations of the world as a result of specific historical and geographical and gradually formed its own unique cultural traditions and cultural patterns. As the difference of Chinese and Western traditional customs, values, religious beliefs , different ways of thinking, etc, making the different performance of Chinese and Western cultures.
the causes of cultural differences
Cultural diversity caused by many reasons, To sum up, the main source of cultural differences are in the following areas:
geographical differences
Refers to the geographical differences in different geographic regions due to the geographical environment, the level of economic development and traditional differences in habits, people often have different language, lifestyle and hobbies. And these will affect their behavior. For example, the West and the American people in some countries treat Christmas important, but in areas such as near the equator do not have snow all the year round, the people of some African countries may not have the concept of Christmas because the best modified Christmas is snow, as to the people in the region that are not long-term snow ,there is little concentration of Christmas than American States.
national differences
Ethnic differences is the different ethnic groups in the development of long-term process, the formation of their own language, customs and preferences, habits. Their diet, clothing, accommodation, festivals and rituals, such as material and cultural life of their own characteristics. Take the history of our country and our Hun Han, the Xiongnu people are valiant, characteristics of typical nomads. And we tame the Han character, the typical characteristics of farming nation. Which led to the Huns in the diet, clothing, accommodation, festivals and rituals, such as material and cultural life are different with Han.
the political differences
Political differences are due to the political system and the policies and regulations on peoples behavior with the role of a standardized, so that all peoples in the political aspects on the concept of the existence are differences. Take the United States and France as example, the United States by the Constitution the powers of the President of the severe restrictions on the two major powers with other institutions of Congress and the Supreme Court of strong constraints. While France also had to set was ready to royalist restoration of the monarchy of the Third Republic to amend the Constitution a little further expand the powers of the president.
economic disparities
Economic differences are result of the economic factors of a reflection of cultural differences. For example, the people in the Western developed countries are rich lives and high level of education, people will pay more attention to the quality of life, security means more generally. And economic backwardness of the Third World, people care more about food and clothing.
religious differences
Religion is the development of human society to a certain stage of historical phenomenon, Religion has its own (Catholic) Major epidemic in Western Europe and South American; Islam is the scope of the whole of the Middle East and North Africa. Buddhism is more prevalent in Asian countries. The world has three major religions: Christianity, Buddhism and Islam. Christian (Protestant) is major epidemic in Northern Europe, North America and Australia; people in many parts of Asia believe in Buddhist. Different religions have different cultural tendencies and precepts, which affect the way of people understand things, codes of conduct and values.
the concept of Values difference
Values are means of objective evaluation criteria of things. It includes the concept of time, wealth, the attitude towards life, the attitude to risk and so on. Different societies’ people to the same things and problems will come to different and even opposite conclusions.
Geographical differences, ethnic differences, political differences, economic differences, religious differences and differences in concepts have the impact on peoples penetration in the food, clothing, accommodation, festivals and rituals, such as material and cultural life in all its aspects. Thus affecting peoples behavior, values, religious beliefs and modes of thought have a lot of difference, Finally has formed the various countries and areas of cultural differences.
cultural differences on the importance of international business negotiations
Practice in the negotiations, many negotiators often do not understand, or took note of the cultural importance of the significant impact on negotiations. Negotiating parties for foreign culture, some negotiators may have noticed some of the other negotiations, “different” or “hard to understand” the concrete manifestation of negotiations, but that is not important. Some people blindly believe that negotiation is the use of foreign-related facts and figures to speak, and the facts and data are common. Similarly, some foreign countries’ negotiators to negotiations with each other to maintain harmonious relations, they will notice the similarities between both cultures, while ignoring their differences. Lets look at an example.
In 1992, negotiators from China and other 12 experts of different professions to form a delegation to the United States purchases about 30 million . dollars of chemical equipment and technology. The US naturally does everything possible to satisfy them. One of them is negotiations in the first round of the delegation sent to each of them a small souvenir. The Souvenirs packaging is very particular is a beautiful red box, red for advanced. But when the delegation was pleased to open the box when face-to-face in accordance with the Americans, Everyones face appears very not the nature actually--there is a golf cap, but the color is green. American businessmans intention is: after signing the contract, and everyone to play golf. But they don’t know the “be a cuckold” is the biggest taboo in Chinese men. Finally the delegation did not sign the contract, not because the Americans “insult” people, but because they work careless, and even don’t know the common sense that Chinese men taboo “be a cuckold”. How can we feel free to tens of millions of dollars project to them? It can be seen that the failure of the Americans negotiation is due to they do not understand the Chinese culture.
From the above examples, we can learn in business negotiations, if we do not attach importance to each others cultural differences, the negotiations are likely to lead to failure.
2. Cultural differences on the impact of international business negotiations
The impact of culture on negotiations is extensive and profound, and different cultures will naturally divided people into different groups, this region, the difference between their respective groups are bringing people of different cultural groups tend to alienate each other; On the other hand, different cultural communication and exchanges between people are also obstacles. Therefore, the requirements of the negotiators to accept each others culture, but also by cultural differences, unmistakably reveals that the purpose of understanding of each others behavior, and they have been accepted by the other party, and ultimately reach a consensus agreement.
Overall, the impact on culture negotiations are in following several aspects:
the communication process
Cultural differences on the communication process of the negotiations, first of all is the performance of the communication language in the negotiation process. Language is a bridge of any country, any region and any nation. States companies, individuals to conduct business negotiations, we must first have the language to this. The differences language of international business activities is the most direct and clear. Such as Chinas “white elephant” brand batteries, to the English “White Elephant” it would cause bad associations.
Because the “White Elephant” In addition to the name of animals that have two meanings: “The owner did not use, but may be useful to others; do not reuse things.” Solve the language problem is very simple, you can hire a translator or use a common third language to talk. While the negotiators of the language used in a variety of cultures with higher fitness, but no matter what, the difference is obvious. Such as Japan, Brazil and France Culture, the Japanese style of business communication is the most polite, more positive commitment to the use of recommended and guarantees, and less use of threats, commands and warnings of freedom of speech, their manners of speech style, The most prominent is that they do not often use “no”, “you” and facial gaze, but to maintain a period of silence; Brazilian businessmen to use “no” and “you” at the higher frequency, their negotiation style seems more presumptuous, and it seems not lonely in the negotiations, to gaze at each other and touch each other from time to time; French businessmen negotiating style is all the most presumptuous, in particular, their use of threats and warnings at the highest frequency, in addition, they are still very frequent use of interrupted, facial gaze, as well as “no” and “you”. It can be seen, only to clarify these differences that can avoid the reticent Japanese, Brazilian over enthusiasm or the French’s misunderstanding of the threat, which achieved the success of international business negotiations.
Cultural differences impact on the negotiation process not only in the process of language communication, but also in the process of non-verbal communication. Cultural differences will lead to different countries or regions in the body language of negotiations, the use of action language significantly different, or even the same language of action is diametrically opposed to the transfer of information. For example, the vast majority of countries are in favor of nod his head for agree. But in India, Nepal and other countries that are certainly shaking his head, that is, shaking his head and smiling, that is positive meaning, some people just do it diagonally on the rise is still a good way, some people are a population frequency said “You are right! You are right!” but a continuously shaking his head, often make others do not know its true psychological and full of doubt. But negotiators shape, movement, language, awareness and use of the differences, also create an obstacle for the negotiations in communication.
Cultural differences also can lead to the negotiators of the differences in communication. People of different cultures have their preferences and habits of communication and cross-cultural negotiations in the negotiating parties often belong to different cultures, have their own customary means of communication. Accustomed to different means of communication between the parties to conduct a more depth in communication, often cause a wide range of issues. From countries with a high culture of the negotiators and those from countries with low culture of the negotiators may be in different ways of expression during the negotiation process. From countries with a high culture of the negotiators may be chosen euphemism, indirect ways to express their meaning. While from low culture of the negotiators preference for using oral expression to negotiate, direct or receive a clear message, straightforward means to express themselves. These two negotiators from different cultures during the negotiations, the party think the other side is often too rough, while the other may think that the other side lack of good faith in negotiations, or misunderstanding the silence of each others conditions for its approval.
the negotiation style
The negotiation style is the main bearing and the attitude which displays in the negotiations activities. the style of negotiations in the course of negotiators’ behavior, conduct and control of the negotiation process of the method and means. Negotiators negotiations Style with a deep cultural stigma. Culture not only determines the Ethics Code of Ethics for negotiators, but also affects the way of thinking negotiators’ behavior and personality, so that make the negotiators of different cultural backgrounds form a very different style of negotiation. Negotiating style of the negotiation process for the negotiations between the two sides approach the relationship, contacts, and even the structure of the negotiations has a direct impact.
Adhere to cultural differences, negotiating styles can be divided into two types: the negotiation style of Oriental and Western style negotiations. Oriental style is based on negotiations as the background of oriental culture of Asian countries negotiation styles, with Japan, South Korea for a typical representative:
Japanese business men are conservative, attention to status-oriented, credit and the initial cooperation, co-dependent relationship between stress and good at negotiating. Japanese attached great importance to the negotiations in the transaction to establish harmonious interpersonal relationships. If there had been contacts with Japanese, before the negotiations should be recall the past exchanges and friendship between the two sides, which will be beneficial to the next negotiations. They did not support and habit the direct, purely commercial activities. If it is the first time to establish trade relations with Japanese, the party responsible for higher status in charge visits in opposite party enterprise at the same level status person in charge is extremely important, it attached great importance to Japanese companies and the trading relationship with you. When negotiations with Japan, it’s the best to send staff rank and status at high-level than the other side. This will facilitate the conduct of the talks. It should also be noted that Japanese womens status in society is lower, generally they not allowed to participate in the operation and management of large companies activities, the Japanese are also in a number of important occasions of non-female. Therefore, when encountered formal negotiations generally not appropriate to allow women to participate in, or else they may be skeptical, and even expressed dissatisfaction.
Korean character stubborn, often stuck to their own views in the negotiations and will not easily compromise. In this case we must grasp the strategy, it is necessary to adhere to argue, but also common sense to master a certain sense of propriety, and sometimes also need to be patient. On the other hand, South Korea in the negotiations seldom to express the views directly, often need the other side to try to figure out, in order to accurately understand the meaning of each other, South Korea may ask the same question repeatedly, so that when making decisions to ensure the correctness. And South Korea signed a contract does not mean that their success will not be changed, for other reasons they would seek to amend or re-start negotiations with you.
Western-type style of negotiation is based on Western culture of Europe and the United States as the background style of negotiations. The main representatives are the United States and United Kingdom.
Americans often talk about “Business is Business” (business to the business) means doing business need to not recognize ones own closest relatives, insist on the principle of things not for people. “Time is money”, “money is everything” is the unswerving credo of American. Their business activities is often straightforward, be anxious for success, business came straight to the point, they always picking up the phone to talk, sit down and get straight to the point, They calculate the progress by the hour and the number of days, their opponents often feel pressure from them. American businessmen do not like the use an agent or participate in negotiations with the consultant, give others the impression that they can say on behalf of the company. They like to sit down to do business immediately. In addition, the United States businessmen attached great importance to economic benefits, they have a slang called: “Bang for Buck”, that is, with minimum capital investment to obtain the greatest benefit.
British merchants engaged in commercial activities pay more attention to informal traders than other countries in the world, but also more conservative. Even today, the world has entered the electronic information age, in the UK by telephone to talk about business is unacceptable. British businessmen are more willing to make full preparations in advance, and then face-to-face talks. As long as they do not believe that the details of a settlement will not solve, they will never sign, all must have to do as rule. As a result of the British very great importance to the position, the title is also very important to them. Therefore, the selection status of the person as a broker of highly influential business, political forces and the role of trade unions in the business also can not be neglected.
Of course, it also must pay attention to the actual negotiations process, although the same cultural background of the negotiators, the talks there was a clear difference, but subject to sub-culture, as well as other factors, the same cultural background of individual negotiators, the negotiations style can be very different.
Cultural values
Cultural values is measure the consequences of peoples behavior and standards. They affecting the way of people understanding the problems and will give rise to a strong emotional impact. In different cultures, values will be very different. Culture in a very appropriate behavior in another culture may be seen as immoral. For example, Americans believe that nepotism is immoral, however it as an obligation at the majority of Latin American culture. Therefore, the Understanding of a certain society in popular as well as these ideas in the personal behavior the degree which respects is very important. Our discussions here will focus on those activities is essential to understand the socio-economic values, more specifically, is these for promote the cross-cultural communicative competence and the values is worth noting.
Ethics
China has heavier ethics. “Acquaintance” and “relationship” has its own special meaning and significance, once the relations have been established, the two sides have become acquaintances or friends, and generous concessions to help the situation appear, and the degree of trust and tolerance will be improved, so the Chinese people have more oral agreement. Americans is not the case, they do not pay attention to cultivating the feelings of both sides, and attempts to separate business and friendship. To deal with the problem, often used the legal means, lawyers come forward to solve the problem is common, it is flexible and not rigid, we should clearly recognize this point. However, once sign the contract, they are very much focused on the legal contract, the performance of the contract is higher. The Chinese delegation to the West, maybe a long time no one could entertain, and this misunderstanding of the people are not interested in their visit; Europeans come to China, No matter what they do may find that there are people who accompanied, and this misunderstanding of the people lack of trust in them. Of foreign visitors, a senior care too much, not to mention dinner, often mistakenly believe that this expressed his companys products or have a preference, this in fact is the Chinese hospitality, This can lead to subsequent disappointment, and even complain.
awareness
In the course of the Chinese and Western cultural traditions and different cultural values, on the negotiations issues tend to have a confrontation or misunderstanding. Chinas national character has a very remarkable phenomenon, that is Settles on the face or the dignity. At the negotiating table, if make a choice from “decent” and “interest”, both the Chinese people will often choose to “decent.” Why do the Chinese people want to save face at all costs? Because of the ideological core of Chinese culture is a group consciousness. In accordance with the sense that each one is not a separate person, but living in a certain social relations, and no face will not the face of others, there is no face on the people and will not be able to live in the social and group life, and may even be abandoned by society and the groups. But not like Westerners, they value the interests of negotiations, they will not hesitate to choose interest from “decent” and “interest” of the two. Chinese people regarding negotiations result whether can bring honor for their face, looks extremely important, as well as some Western negotiators in their works cautioned China in the talks, we must note that use of Chinas national character. It is clear that only a correct understanding and properly grasp the existence of Chinese and Western differences in national character, can effectively help us in a timely manner to correct our own shortcomings and strengthen our own advantages and use of others shortcomings to collapse of others strengths.
the concept of collective
Chinas concept of collective a stronger emphasis on collective responsibility, Therefore the negotiations pattern basically is the collective, but to make the final decisions are a decisive one, and even the decisive one simply has not entered the stage. This is known as the cultural experts of “high from the right to culture”, in the event of difficult issues more complicated, the negotiators on the difficult decisions; and the Western culture of Jurists which was referred to as “low from the right to culture”, on the surface is one or two people out, negotiators have been given the appropriate permissions, or assisted in its decision-making think-tank, which in the negotiations, the sole responsibility of the negotiations were heavier, higher and more flexible.
the concept of time
Concept of time and how it decided the peoples action plan for international business negotiations has a broad impact of the invisible. The daily negotiations behavior manifests observes the difference aspect of time may be is the most obvious results of the performance. Jewish businessmen attached great importance of time. They always believe that time is not money, time and goods, is the capital to make money. Money can borrow, but time can not be borrowed, the time is more valuable than money. A wealthy Jewish income of 200,000 US dollars monthly have been considered such an account: his daily wage is 8 1000 dollars, then about 17 . dollars per minute. If he had been disturbed and waste 5 minutes, then is the equivalent of stolen 85 . dollars in cash. Strong concept of time improved the efficiency of the Jews, they are often at work in seconds and every second counts. On the Jewish people, never appear leave early, late, or to stall for time and so on. In the business activities of the Jews “Uninvited guest” is almost as the same as the “unwelcome person”, because uninvited guests will disrupt the timing of the original, and waste everybodys time. For the time extremely mean of the Jewish, in the time to discuss the concept of time is stronger. Before Jews in the negotiations, the time must have been agreement. They agreed not only in a certain period of a day, but also appointment “from the starting points to a few minutes to talk about.” During the meeting, in addition to polite greetings outside, the Jews immediately to discuss business, this is have good manners and good performance, at the same time that mean respect of each other.
3. how to deal with the cultural differences on international business negotiations
Only recognize and accommodate cultural differences can take the whole process of negotiations in response to countermeasures, including before the negotiations that may arise cultural differences, correctly handle the cultural differences on negotiations, do a good job of follow-up for the exchange of cultural differences after negotiations.
before the negotiations to understand the cultural differences that may arise
It is essential to understand cultural differences before negotiations. Preparatory work for negotiations include: the background of negotiations and assessment of the situation, to verify the fact the negotiation process, the agenda, the best strategy options and concessions. The background of the negotiations also include the location, site layout, bargaining unit, the Senate on the number of listeners, the channels of communication and the time limit of negotiations. All these preparations must be taken into account possible of cultural differences. For example, the venue layout of cultural differences may have a slightly affected of the cooperation. In the culture of heavier hierarchy, if the room arrangement improper, more casually, it could lead to anxiety and even anger of the other side.
In addition, negotiations styles are due to culture differences. American culture tend to work together “to finalize an agreement”; and Japanese culture likes to talk with everyone separately, if everyone agrees, then arranges a broader scope discussion; the Russian people like a total approach, and one to talk about to settle an agreement, and then the front of the two parties invite a third party, so continue.
Time limit for the control of the negotiations is also very important. Different cultures have different concepts of time. Such as North America, the concept of time is a strong culture, for Americans, time is money. The culture of the Middle East and Latin America was relatively weak concept of time, in their view, time should be enjoyed. Thus, in international business negotiations, the concept of time differences should be prepared.
correct handling of cultural differences in the negotiations
First of all, the choice of language and use in the negotiations, for the Western countries, we must take the exchange-oriented approach, as simple clear as possible, and frank expression of his own ideas, not ambiguous and vague. For example, Americans like argued, language has a confrontational, drastic tone, they think that argued not only the right to express his personal views, but also conducive to problem-solving, divergent points of view will not affect the interpersonal relationships. In the oriental culture, in order to preserve the face sides of others, the face groups or other peoples face, frequent use of ambiguous and indirect language. Even if they disagree with others views, its rare to be rejected or refuted directly, but rather tortuous statement of his views, or to show embarrassment. The values of “Harmony” is the Chinese people to create an atmosphere of harmony as an important means of negotiations, in the negotiating process, they try to avoid friction, and friendship first, they pursued by a permanent long-term friendship and cooperation.
Secondly, the method in the negotiations, to the United States as an example, as a result of the Oriental mode of thinking is the overall orientation, their use in the negotiations is that from the overall to local, descending from general to specific, that is, first reach a consensus of general principles, and then use this to guide specific programs to solve the problem. They do not have an obvious sequence of points, usually until the end of the negotiations, all issues will be made in concessions and commitments in order to reach an agreement. Due to the impact mode of thinking, Westerners analysis the most important things in their logical relationship between the re-specific than the whole, at the beginning of negotiations, they hurry to talk about the specific terms. Therefore, we often resolve the price, delivery, warranties and service contracts and other issues at times, solve each problem, there are concessions and commitments from start to finish, the final agreement is the sum of a series small agreements.
to do a good job of follow-up for the exchange of cultural differences after negotiations
Related to contract management and follow-up to the exchange of management behavior after negotiations, first as contract, in which the relationship between people-oriented countries such as China, to resolve their disputes often do not rely solely on the legal system, and often rely on the two sides relations. In these cultures, a written contract is very short, it mainly used to describe the respective responsibilities of business partners. Western countries such as the American culture, they generally will regard the contract signing ceremony as not only a waste of time but also a waste of money, so the contract is often signed by send mail. Exchange on the follow-up, the American cultural emphasis on the “distinction between people and things”, so they did not pay attention to follow-up exchanges. Oriental culture in countries such as Japan, keep the majority of the follow-up of foreign exchange customers as international business was an important part of the negotiations. They signed the contract after a long time, they will also carry out as letters, pictures, and exchange visits.
The above analysis of the cultural differences and their impact on international business negotiations, any business men engaged in cross-cultural activities should be highly priority. A cultural difference is an objective reality, the attitude of individuals or groups tend to determine the role of cultural differences, it can exaggerate the cultural differences and also reduce the barrier which causes the cultural difference to the lowest point. People in cross-cultural business negotiations, if able to overcome cultural barriers, to understand, do as the Romans do, learning to stand on other peoples point to think, that we can promote mutual understanding and work together to adapt the two sides and create an economic and cultural environment, so that we can success.
4. References
[1]Cao Ling editor: “Business English negotiations,” Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,
[2]Xie Xiaoying editor: “Business English negotiations”, China Business Press,
[3]Qiu Gejia,Yang Guojun editor: “win-win negotiations of modern business English”, China International Radio Press,
[4]Weng Fengxiang edited: “An Introduction to International Business”, Tsinghua University Press / Beijing Jiao tong University Press, 2006
[5]William Hampton with: “Jewish businessmen in business start-up experience and wisdom,” translated Zheng Ping, Harbin Publishing House,
经济发展英文论文
论文是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具，下面我们一起来看看关于经济发展的论文。
一、经济发展新常态基本特征之内在联系
经济增长保持在合理区间赢得了优化结构的时间和空间，是新常态的基础性特征。优化经济结构是梳理自己的家当、理性思考、总结得失、深化改革、创新思路、挖掘潜力、果断决策、千方百计把手里的事情做的更好，从增量扩能为主向存量和增量并重转变，最大限度发挥做强现有优势、不遗余力拓展做大新兴优势，是途径性特征。创新驱动是释放全体人民的热情和创造力，使每个人的聪明才智得以充分迸发、发展成果让每个人普遍享受，经济社会发展量力而为、国计民生大事量入而出、轻重缓急拿捏得当、良性循环健康发展，从而实现居民收入增加、生活水平提高，是目的性特征。新常态的内涵应当是调整、巩固、优化、提高，是稳中求进。新常态不是权宜之计，是一个大体量经济体健康发展应当保持的积极理性的正常状态。稳增长不能妨碍调结构，调结构过程中，不能放弃稳增长。速度、结构、驱动构成的特征之间是你中有我、我中有你、彼此相依的关系，缺项则不完整，不为新常态。面对新常态，至关重要的是全面把握新常态基本特征之间的有机统一、互为条件的关系，真正理解速度、结构、驱动力之间的有机联系，不可偏废、不能割裂、深度融合，在实际工作中切实践行经济发展新常态这一客观科学的论述，唯有如此，才能使这一论述发挥其引领中国经济健康发展的指导作用。
二、适应经济发展新常态贵在共识和主动
中国改革开放的伟大实践留下了鲜明的解放思想、转变观念的印记，回眸每一次历史性的进步，盘点每一个划时代的成就，无一不是思想解放、观念突破所牵引和推动。经济发展新常态的论述标志着中国经济发展理论更趋成熟，是发展理念的深刻变革，是指引科学发展正确道路的里程碑。因此我们只有把思想和行动统一到中央对新常态的认识和判断上来，才能真正解放思想、开动脑筋、开阔新思路，增强加快转变发展方式的自觉性，主动适应、从容有效应对新常态新情况新变化新任务的严峻挑战，也才能开创新局面。适应经济发展新常态是稳中求进。管控速度、稳中求进、科学发展是国家一个时期以来也是今后经济工作的总基调和政策原则。发展速度由高转为中高，不是孤立的指标下调，不是单纯的自减压力。综观国际国内经济起伏，世界政治经济格局的动荡日趋常态化，全球经济发展走势的不确定性明显增加，国内改革进入攻坚期，利益博弈角力加剧、社会矛盾叠加凸显，面对各种矛盾和挑战，保持清醒的头脑，巩固根据地谋取新发展、稳中求进无疑是明智的选择。适应新常态不是经济衰退的无奈，是为了更优更好发展的大智慧。适应经济发展新常态任务任重道远。进入新常态，改革发展任务异常艰巨繁重、工作的难度强度也大大提高，稳中求进稳扎稳打的发展对经济运行的组织和调控提出了更高要求，这种增长方式的转变告别的是简单粗放的发展方式，与之相伴的是结构的如何优化和驱动的怎样创新，需要做大量艰苦细致的工作，追求的是高质量高水平高效益的.发展，智慧系数要求更高、工作内容更复杂、难度更大也更艰苦，面对新常态尤其不能自减压力、掉以轻心、高枕无忧，要切实感受肩上的担子不是轻了，而是更重了。适应经济发展新常态必须发挥主观能动性。正确地认识世界重要，主观能动地改造世界更重要。适应新常态，尤其需要大兴调查研究之风。了解情况要深入实际，解决问题要雷厉风行。要找准优势和不足，分析核心竞争力和边缘产能，做大优质存量，整合淘汰落后产能，培育朝阳产业，发现培育播种培养经济增长点。各项工作不走过场、不推诿、不敷衍、不扯皮、不折腾，积极主动自觉地践行新常态。
三、应对经济发展新常态尤其需要变革与担当
应对经济发展新常态需要担当的勇气和奉献的胸怀。不计成本和后果，以牺牲资源和环境为代价的高速度以及靠拼资源、拼环境、拼投资、拼政策求发展已成过去。经济结构的优化、增长方式的转变需要非同寻常的勇气、能力、智慧、担当，需要科学的态度，运筹帷幄、精雕细刻、仔细把玩手中的、反复琢磨脚下的、付出艰辛、穷尽可能、做到极致，需要时间的检验，甚至是作出名和利的牺牲，蒙受可能的误解。创新驱动更不是瞎指挥、拍脑门，一时冲动、一蹴而就的，创新驱动是一个系统工程，尤其需要发挥科技、文化、教育的整体合力，需要战略眼光、超前思维、谋篇布局，有赖于全民族素质的提升，往往只争朝夕不能立竿见影。因此，以大我之心胸、为民之情怀、广阔之视野，踏下心来扎实工作、殚精竭虑、呕心沥血谋划健康发展、谋划国家未来成为伟大时代应当弘扬的一种非常宝贵的中国精神，社会需要正能量，国家需要脊梁型的精英来谱写奏响中国梦的辉煌乐章。
四、经济发展新常态必然催生中国经济的新跨越
经济发展新常态是科学发展主观能动性与经济规律客观存在、发展阶段必然要求的完美结合、有机统一，是经济形态的自然流露和表达。_关于经济发展新常态的阐述是对经济发展客观规律的正确判断和准确把握，关系到人民的福祉、国家的未来。工农商学兵、东西南北中都应该把思想观念、发展思维统一到新常态上来，把工作重心和发展的着力点发力点放在新常态上。适应新常态、尊重新常态、营造新常态、投身新常态，则国家兴，背离新常态、敷衍科学发展，国家不会有长久的繁荣，人民不会有永久的富庶。道理显而易见，只有认识高度统一，形成共识并转化为全体人民的热情和行动，这一高瞻远瞩的发展理念才能发挥其指明方向的巨大作用、汇聚成不可阻挡的力量。新常态是_对高速增长积极总结反思、审时度势作出的科学判断，催生的必然是中国经济健康发展的必由之路。经济发展新常态的分析和判断为我们绘就了科学发展、实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的宏伟蓝图，只要我们准确把握经济发展新常态，谋事克难、真抓实干，我们就会在实现中国梦的道路上迈出更加坚实的步伐，开辟一个新天地。
Acknowledgements:
I would like to express my sincere and deep gratitude to my supervisor, ProfessorSun Jisheng, for her inspiring instructions, earnest encouragement and great patienceshe has offered to me. I was especially touched and encouraged to have her detailedcomments and suggestions when revising the thesis. What's more, I learned from herthe spirit of rigorous scholarship in my contact with her in the past several months.
Without her supervision and instruction, I would not have been able to complete thisthesis.
I would also like to extend my gratitude to the other professors of China ForeignAffairs University during my two-year postgraduate study there. Their instructivelectures have provided me with an enjoyable and profitable learning experience atCFAU, which has greatly improved my academic interest and ability.
I also owe my gratitude to my colleagues in the Ministry of Foreign Affairswhere I work. My gratitude also goes to my department for the support to thislearning journey.
My heartfelt thanks also go to my wife and my daughter, who have alwayssupported me during my postgraduate learning, preparation for national qualificationexams and this thesis writing. Their love and smile every day are the most valuablethings to me on this journey.
It takes me a whole year to finish this paper, and the process is definitely not easy.
Fortunately, my supervisor, Professor Zhang Lei, keeps giving me valuable instructionand encouragement with her great patience and carefulness. Each time I sent her adraft of my paper, she would not only check its overall structure and logic closely, butalso correct all the errors word by word, which helped me to improve my papersteadily and made me feel more confident day by day. Without her guidance, thispaper can never be finished in time. And besides the paper itself, Professor Zhang alsogave me useful advice on how to approach the field of international relations whichwill be quite conducive to my further study. Therefore, I would like to express mysincere gratitude to Professor Zhang Lei for her kind help.
I also want to thank all my English teachers at China Foreign Affairs University.
During my two years' study on campus, they gave me professional and patientinstruction on English learning, which proved to be a necessary basis for the writingof this paper.
Acknowledg ement:
This thesis would never have materialized without the help and support frommany parties.
First and foremost, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor inChina Foreign Affairs University, Professor Lv Hui, for his invaluable instruction,incessant inspiration and constant encouragement. She has spent a lot of time readingand correcting my thesis. Without her academic guidance, I could not haveaccomplished this thesis. Her energy and passion for knowledge and education havehad such a great influence on me that I am sure they always remain a beacon in myfuture career.
I am also indebted to all my teachers in the English Department of China ForeignAffairs University, especially to Professor Zhang XiaoLi, Ms. Shi Yi, Ms. MeiQiong, Professor Sun Jisheng, Professor Wang Yan, Professor Song Aiqun andProfessor He Qun for everything I have learned from them during the time at thisuniversity.
I would like to express my thanks to my friends Liu Ying and Jin XiaoQing fortheir sincere support.
In addition, I wish to say thanks to my family and relatives, especially my elderbrother Liu WenFeng, who gave me a lot of useful information for me.
In the end, I'm grateful to my mother. Without her help and encouragement, Iwould never have finished this thesis on time.
This thesis would not have been possible without constructive advice and helpfrom many persons.
First and foremost, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor inChina Foreign Affairs University, Professor Ran Jijun, for his great advice andguidance on the content and format of this thesis, which is critical for revision.
Without his academic guidance, I could not have accomplished this thesis.
I would like to express my appreciation to all my teachers in the EnglishDepartment of China Foreign Affairs University, especially to Professor He Yinghong,Professor Guo Liqiu, Professor Sun Jisheng, Professor Zhang Lei, Professor SongAiqun, Professor Wei Lamei and Professor He Qun for everything I have learned fromthem during the two years at this university.
Also, the emotional support from my parents and my husband is no less importantthan the academic assistance.
In the end, I would like to express my thanks to my colleagues who helped collectuseful reference books and materials for me.
AcknowledgementsThis thesis would never have materialized without the help and support frommany parties.
First, I'd like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor in China ForeignAffairs University, Professor Zhang Xiaoli, who gave me a lot of useful andconstructive advice on my thesis. With his professional and academic knowledge, hetaught me how to do research, how to revise the thesis. Whenever I sent him ane-mail concerning my thesis, he replied soon. He spent a lot of time reading andcorrecting my thesis. Only under his guidance and encouragement could I finish thisthesis.
I am also indebted to all my teachers in the English Department of ChinaForeign Affairs University. As a teacher myself, I learned a lot about interpretation,translation, culture and teaching methods from them, which is helpful to my job.
I wish to express my thanks to my leader, dean of the Department of AppliedLinguistics, Capital Medical University. She encouraged me constantly to finish thestudy.
At last, I want to thank my husband and other family members and relatives,who showed their concern and support when I pursued my study.
Upon the completion of the thesis, I would like to take this opportunity toexpress my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Peng Xiaohua, who hasgiven me important guidance on the thesis. Without his help and encouragement,my thesis would have been impossible. Besides his help with my thesis,he hasalso given me much advice on the methods of doing research, which is of greatvalue to my future academic life.
I am also obliged to other teachers whose lectures have broadened my scopeof vision in British and American literature and help me lay a necessaryfoundation for the writing of the thesis. I am also grateful to all the members ofthe faculty and staff in the College of Foreign Languages who have provided mewith a lot of help and guidance.
Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to all the friends andfamily members who have offered me help. Without their help,I could not havefinished my study and this thesis.
This thesis completed in XXX under the guidance of tutor. Teacher profound specialized knowledge, rigorous doing scholarly research attitude, strives for perfection the work style, evangelistic noble ethics, discipline, live and let live lofty style, simple cannot, approachable personality charm of far-reaching influence on himself. Learning to make himself not only set up the lofty goal, mastered the basic research methods, also make I understand a lot of people skills. This paper from the selected topic to finish, every step is done under the guidance of tutor, pour into the teacher a lot of effort. Here, wish to tutor said high respect and heartfelt thanks! In the process of writing papers, met a lot of problems, in under the guidance of the teacher's patience, problems are solved. So, here again the teacher say: teacher, thank you!
I would like to take this opportunity to thank a number of people who haveoffered invaluable assistance in the preparation of the dissertation.
My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor Luo Ping, mysupervisor, who has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Hiscritical comments, constant encouragement and guidance have greatly enlightened menot only on the academic pursuit but also on the morals of being a man. Without hisconsistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its presentstage.
Secondly, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to all the professors andteachers whose insightful lectures have well prepared me for the completion of thethesis during my pursuit of the Master Degree ofArts at SISU.
I also greatly appreciate the assistance offered by the authors and scholarsmentioned in the bibliography, without whose works, the literature review of mythesis would not have been possible.
Last, I am deeply indebted to my beloved parents and friends, who alwayssupported me, willingly discussed with me, and offered valuable insights. Their helpand support have accompanied me through the difficult course of the thesis andmoments of my life.
Considering my poor English foundation and weak communication skills, I had never thought that I could finish this project! I had always struggled in writing a proper report even in 500 words before I had a tutor like Mr. Minggui Qu. But now I can finish a project and I can't believe this could be true!
Mr. Qu, my tutor, words could never express my thanks to him. From grammar, writing style, format and research skills to marketing theories, he has taught me everything and he has been always so patient to me whenever he revises my reports including my massive grammar mistakes. He has been encouraging me all the time. Though my report still contains lots of problem, I have already learned a lot from this project just because of his help. I am really grateful to him.
Meanwhile, I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents and staff member of Yong Fei Machinery company for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in completion of this project. I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to industry workers for giving me such attention and time. My thanks and appreciations also go to my class teacher Mr Hong for looking after me in many ways and people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.
英文论文摘要格式
一、英文论文摘要的种类
摘要主要有三种：学术论文摘要，学术会议摘要及由专门摘要撰写者撰写的摘要。
本文主要探讨学术论文英文摘要。本文所选英文摘要例子均引自国内外语类核心期刊，以体现该研究对象的代表性。Arbor认为，根据撰写方法的不同，学术论文摘要主要有两种：一种是结果式摘要。这种摘要围绕研究发现结果为中心而撰写，有时会附带写上基于发现结果而得出的结论;另外一种是总结陈述式摘要，即对所撰写论文的总结陈述。
还需要注意的是，这片摘要并没有在研究结果的基础上写出据此得出的结论。选择何种方法撰写摘要，主要根据论文内容所属的研究类型和所采取的研究方法而定。本文认为，一般情况下，采用定量研究方法的论文摘要多为“结果式”;采用定性研究方法的'论文摘要多为“总结陈述式”。
二、英文摘要的结构要素
黄国文将英文摘要的结构要素归纳为六个：主题阐述、背景信息、目的陈述、方法论和语料、研究结果、发现和研究所带来的启示和结论，并指出并非所有的论文摘要都完全包括这六个要素，“事实上，一些成分是必选的，而其他成分是可有可无的”。
Slade也认为,“一篇摘要必须包括简明扼要的主题阐述，主要发现及意义，还有结论”。“摘要中一定要有方法和论文内容的重要词句，这样，此篇摘要才会在电脑中被搜索到，进而让读者决定是否阅读”。所以，在撰写摘要时，要根据具体的论文明确判断哪些要素是摘要必须包括的。
三、英文摘要的语法特点
1.英文摘要语句中主语的语法特点
2.英文摘要的时态特点
时态上，摘要也具有其自身的特点。Arbor认为，表示总结的语句通常与一般现在时或现在完成时;表示结果的语句可用过去时。Arbor还指出，“现在时态用于表示结果的语句这一情况通常易发生在自然科学领域而少发生在社会科学领域”。“主观用语的使用也易发生在自然科学领域”。
四、英文论文摘要的书写方法
摘要是论文内容的简要陈述，是一篇完整的、可以独立使用的短文，因而必须具有自含性。即：读者即使不阅读论文的全文也可以从摘要中获得必要的、与论文等量的信息，以判断有无必要阅读全文。摘要一般应包括研究题目的选择理由和目的;研究的方法或者过程;研究的发现或者成果。
五、摘要格式
英文主标题格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“论文英文主标题”，或手动设置(Times New Roman，四号，加粗，居中，段前段后均为0行，单倍行距)。
英文副标题格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“论文英文副标题”，或手动设置(Times New Roman，小四，加粗，居中，段前行，段后0行，单倍行距)。
英文标题下空一行为英文摘要。英文摘要正文格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“英文摘要正文”或手动设置(Times New Roman，小四，行距为固定值20磅)。英文摘要后空一行，另起一行列出英文关键词。“Key words：”格式：首行缩进2字符，Times New Roman，小四，加粗。“Key words：”后紧接英文关键词。关键词之间用分号间隔，最后一个末尾不加标点。英文关键词全部小写。英文关键词格式：Times New Roman，小四，行距为固定值20磅。
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